HW型高分子捕集剂处理含铅铜废水

采用聚丙烯酰胺、NH：OH·HCI和NaOH反应合成了HW型高分子捕集剂（简称捕集剂）,考察了捕集剂对Ph^2＋,Cu^2＋质量浓度分别为100mg／L的废水的处理效果。研究结果表明：在含Ph^2＋废水pH为6．5～7．0、n（捕集剂）：n（Pb^2＋）：1．6、反应时间为50min的最佳条件下,Ph^2＋去除率达100．00％;在含Cu^2＋废水pH为5．5～6．0、n（捕集剂）：n（Cu^2＋）=1．0、反应时间为60min的最佳条件下,Cu^2＋去除率达99．73％。对Ph^2＋,Cu^2＋质量浓度分别为50mg／L的混合废水,n（捕集剂）：n（Pb^2＋＋Cu^2＋）=1．2时,对Ph^2＋,Cu^2＋的去除率均达到99％以上。捕集剂去除pb^2＋,Cu^2＋的机理为羟肟酸基团与Ph^2＋,Cu^2＋反应生成稳定的螯合物。与中和法沉淀物相比,捕集剂与Ph^2＋,Cu^2＋反应生成的螯合物的Ph^2＋,Cu^2＋浸出量小,具有更好的环境安全性。     

不同浓度硒处理对彩叶草铅胁迫的EDXS和XRD分析

以彩叶草（ColeusblumeiBenth．）为材料,用营养液培养方法,研究了不同浓度硒（se）处理对浓度为1．0mmol·L-1Pb2＋胁迫下彩叶草根、叶的形貌变化及其组分形态等变化,从光谱学角度初步探讨了硒对重金属铅毒害的缓解机制。结果表明：铅胁迫下的彩叶草根系c、K、ca含量减少,O、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Pb含量增加,叶片中的C、Mg、Al、si、K、Ca、Fe含量减少,O、Cl含量增加。铅胁迫下硒处理的彩叶草根元素种类及其元素含量均发生了明显变化;根中晶体情况及其晶相也发生了相应变化。     

Lead Levels in the Airborne Dust Particulates of an Urban City of Central India

The dust fall-out rate, distribution pattern andconcentration of lead in the particulate fall-outmatters in urban Raipur city covering an area of 160 km² during one hydrological year i.e. November1996–June 1997, has been described. The entire cityhas been divided into 6 zones comprising ofindustrial, commercial, residential and heavy trafficareas. A monthly collection and analysis of dustfall-out rate between 3.0(±0.1) and91.3(±1.2) metric tonnes km^-2 month^-1 wereobserved at all 6 sampling sites. The total annualflux of lead in the fall-out of the city at differentzones is in the range 0.0065–0.4304 kg km^-2yr^-1. The results show that dust fall-out and thelead levels both are at higher magnitudes in winterand autumn. These large levels of air pollutants havealso been correlated with some meteorological parameters like relative humidity and temperature, and strong positive correlations have been observed.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定空气中四乙基铅

采用一氯化碘的盐酸溶液吸收光谱法和三氯甲烷萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定空气中四乙基铅,优化了试验条件。此方法对测定空气中四乙基铅的灵敏度、准确度都有很大的提高,方法的最低检出浓度为0.70μg/L,当采样体积为60 L,四乙基铅最低检出浓度为0.000 1 mg/m3。对实际样品进行分析,四乙基铅的加标回收率为89.1%~105.9%。     

循环流化床燃煤电厂铅的迁移特性

选取2家燃煤电厂3台循环流化床机组进行现场监测,在不同负荷条件下,采集并分析燃煤、烟气、飞灰、炉渣等样品的Pb含量,通过物料平衡核算,对循环流化床机组各环节Pb的迁移特性进行研究。结果表明:机组负荷变化对烟气、飞灰、炉渣的Pb含量影响不大,烟气Pb排放质量浓度均在2μg/m~3以下。电袋复合除尘处理后,烟气中颗粒态Pb的浓度总体低于气(溶胶)态Pb的浓度。Pb在炉渣和飞灰中均有富集,平均富集因子分别为2.16和3.02。飞灰较炉渣对Pb具有更强的富集能力,布袋灰中Pb含量略高于电除尘灰。循环流化床锅炉燃烧后Pb分布在飞灰、炉渣和外排烟气中的比例分别为62.49%、37.49%和0.02%,Pb释放率低于煤粉炉,在Pb污染控制方面更具优势。除尘过程对烟气中Pb的影响主要表现为飞灰对Pb的吸附和除尘器对飞灰的分离脱除,尤以后者为主。由于烟气中气(溶胶)态Pb所占的比例很低,Pb基本吸附在飞灰上,除尘效率的高低直接决定了Pb的去除效果。     

大跨斜拉桥的近断层地震响应及减震控制

近断层地震长周期成分丰富,存在速度大脉冲效应;而大跨度斜拉桥一般采用半漂浮体系或漂浮体系,所以固有频率较低。为了研究大跨度斜拉桥在近断层地震作用下的反应规律及减震措施,利用ANSYS软件分析了某半漂浮体系的大跨斜拉桥在近断层地震作用下的时程响应,并对其减震控制方法进行了探讨。研究表明,大跨度斜拉桥的近断层地震响应随着PGV/PGA值的增大而增大,且增大幅度较大,近场脉冲效应较为显著;对于近断层地震作用,不建议采用塔梁弹性连接装置作为主梁纵漂的减震措施,而采用参数适宜的铅挤压阻尼器和粘滞阻尼器则均能获得很好的减震效果;由于大跨度斜拉桥的近断层地震反应较大,应提高其支座的设计允许位移。     

磁铁矿纳米颗粒与Pb~(2+)复合物对大鼠肾细胞的毒性研究

磁铁矿纳米颗粒(magnetite nanoparticles, MNPs)是一种环境友好型吸附剂,广泛应用于废水中Pb~(2+)的处理。目前,有不少关于MNPs毒性的研究,但对MNPs处理Pb~(2+)形成的复合物的毒性却鲜有报道,其复合毒性亟待深入研究。本文以大鼠肾细胞(NRK)作为细胞模型,系统研究不同Pb含量的MNPs-Pb复合物,以及相应浓度的MNPs和Pb~(2+),对大鼠肾细胞活性、细胞形态和密度的影响,考察细胞对纳米颗粒的摄取以及细胞凋亡的作用机制,评估MNPs-Pb的毒性效应。结果表明,在本实验浓度和暴露时间(12 h)条件下,Pb~(2+)能够显著抑制细胞活性,改变细胞形态,促进细胞凋亡,对细胞有显著的毒性效应,并且呈现剂量相关性;利用MNPs吸附水环境中Pb~(2+)形成的复合物MNPs-Pb对大鼠肾细胞没有显著的毒性作用(P<0.05),MNPs对Pb~(2+)的吸附可能是Pb~(2+)的细胞毒性降低的原因。     

自动石墨消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中铅和镉

本文建立了一种自动石墨消解仪消解土壤样品,石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中的铅、镉的方法。铅、镉元素在标准曲线范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检测限分别为0.02、0.007 mg/kg,加标回收率在90.8%~104.0%,方法重复性RSD(n=7)低于3%。实验结果表明,该方法操作简单、准确度高、精密度好、检测限低,可用于大批量土壤中铅、镉的测定。     

不同电极降解2-氯苯酚

采用电沉积法制备了4种钛基二氧化铅电极,并与商业化的钛基RuO2电极进行了对比。分别用XRD和阳极极化曲线对电极性能进行了表征,并以2-氯苯酚为目标污染物,考察了6种电极的电催化氧化性能。研究结果表明,以钛板为基体的系列电极的综合性能优于以钛网为基体的相应电极。以β-PbO2为活性外层的二氧化铅电极的综合性能优于以RuO2为活性外层的电极。6种电极对2-氯苯酚降解反应均遵循一级反应动力学规律。其中Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2电极析氧电位最高,电催化性能最好,对2-氯苯酚的去除率可达99.3%。     

Linking empirical estimates of body burden of environmental chemicals and wellness using NHANES data

Biomonitoring of industrial chemicals in human tissues and fluids has shown that all people carry a “body burden” of synthetic chemicals. Although measurement of an environmental chemical in a person's tissues/fluids is an indication of exposure, it does not necessarily mean the exposure concentration is sufficient to cause an adverse effect. Since humans are exposed to multiple chemicals, there may be a combination effect (e.g., additive, synergistic) associated with low-level exposures to multiple classes of contaminants, which may impact a variety of organ systems. The objective of this research is to link measures of body burden of environmental chemicals and a “holistic” measure of wellness. The approach is demonstrated using biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Forty-two chemicals were selected for analysis based on their detection levels. Six biological pathway-specific indices were evaluated using groups of chemicals associated with each pathway. Five of the six pathways were negatively associated with wellness. Three non-zero interaction terms were detected which may provide empirical evidence of crosstalk across pathways. The approach identified five of the 42 chemicals from a variety of classes (metals, pesticides, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as accounting for 71% of the weight linking body burden to wellness. Significant interactions were detected indicating the effect of smoking is exacerbated by body burden of environmental chemicals. Use of a holistic index on both sides of the exposure-health equation is a novel and promising empirical “systems biology” approach to risk evaluation of complex environmental exposures.