四种植物材料对废水中铅离子的吸附特征

为解决重金属废水处理问题,寻找高效低成本的生物吸附剂,本文选用了野菊杆（Dendranthema indicum, DI）、艾杆（Artemisia argyi, AA）、薄荷杆（Mentha haplocalyx, MH）和柠檬皮（Citrus limon, CL）四种植物材料对水中铅离子进行吸附研究。并利用SEM、BET和FTIR对材料进行表征,探讨了吸附剂投加量、溶液初始pH和共存阳离子对吸附量的影响。结果表明,四种材料对模拟废水中铅的吸附量随投加量的增加呈对数下降（P<0.05）;随初始pH的升高,四种材料呈现先增加后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势。准一级动力学能更好地描述野菊杆对Pb²⁺的动力学吸附过程,准二级动力学能更好描述艾杆、薄荷杆和柠檬皮对Pb²⁺的动力学吸附过程。野菊杆和艾杆对铅的吸附是以化学吸附为主的单层吸附,符合Langmuir模型;薄荷杆和柠檬皮对铅的吸附过程主要为不规则的多分子层吸附,更符合Freundlich模型。共存阳离子Mg²⁺、Cu²⁺、Al³⁺与Pb²⁺产生竞争吸附,显著降低材料对Pb²⁺的吸附量（P<0.05）。四种植物材料吸附性能大小顺序为薄荷杆 > 艾杆 > 柠檬皮 > 野菊杆。因此,四种植物材料是吸附废水中铅离子的潜在材料。     

我国人群胃肠消化环境中土壤Pb的人体可给性

当前土壤中污染物人体可给性的体外模拟测试方法主要依据西方人群的胃肠环境制定,为建立能够客观表征土壤中污染物在我国人群胃肠消化环境中的人体可给性测试方法,以铅（Pb）污染土样为对象,采用《中华人民共和国药典:一部》（简称“《药典》”）中记载的我国人群胃肠液组分配置模拟胃肠消化液,对采自广西壮族自治区、辽宁省和湖南省的13个土样中Pb的人体可给性进行研究.结果表明:供试土样中Pb在胃消化阶段的人体可给性平均值为51.9%（范围为0.4%~86.1%）,显著高于其在肠消化阶段的人体可给性平均值0.6%（范围为0.002 5%~3.1%）,与采用国际上常用的UBM（Unified Bioaccessibility Model）方法的测试结果无明显差异,表明我国《药典》中推荐的胃肠液组分能够用于开展土样中Pb的人体可给性测试.研究显示,模拟胃液的pH是影响土样中Pb在胃消化阶段人体可给性测试结果的关键因素,测试过程中pH宜维持在1.0左右,而且,可将《药典》推荐的模拟胃液组分进一步优化为HCl和去离子水,以降低测试成本;模拟肠液应严格按《药典》推荐的组分进行配置,测试体系的pH宜维持在8.0左右.      

AQUATIC TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: A study has been conducted for the past two years on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this study were two fold; initially, the amounts of various heavy metals being contributed to the Saddle River by stormwater runoff, rainfall, and individual tributaries, etc., were investigated to better delineate the distribution of various sources of heavy metals to the aquatic environment. Secondly, a series of benthal deposits from the Saddle River were analyzed to determine the fate of these metals once introduced into the receiving stream. A mass balance analysis of heavy metals in the Saddle River was performed to determine the amount of these materials contributed from unrecorded sources. The results of this study seemed to demonstrate the importance of considering the potential scouring of river sediments as a secondary source of metals in determinations of this type. The distribution of metals in precipitation samples collected in this study was found to be similar to that in runoff, with lead and zinc predominating. Relative concentrations of metals in precipitation as compared to those of stormwater were relatively insignificant. Metal concentrations of bottom sediments were found to vary considerably from sample to sample.     

TRENDS IN LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN MAJOR U.S. RIVERS AND THEIR RELATION TO HISTORICAL CHANGES IN GASOLINE-LEAD CONSUMPTION1

ABSTRACT: Declines in concentrations of dissolved lead occurred at nearly two-thirds of 306 locations on major U.S. rivers from 1974 to 1985. Declines in dissolved lead concentrations are statistically significant (p < 0.10) at approximately one-third of the sampling locations. Statistically significant increases in dissolved lead concentrations occurred at only 6 percent of the sites, but are clustered in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions. Possible explanations for the observed trends in lead concentrations are tested through comparisons with (1) records of lead discharges from major sources including leaded-gasoline consumption and municipal- and industrial-point source discharges, (2) trends in various water-quality constituents such as pH and total alkalinity, and (3) basin characteristics such as drainage area. Statistically significant declines in lead concentrations in streams and gasoline lead (i.e., the largest source of lead at these sites) are highly coincident for the 1979 to 1980 period at most sampling locations. The greatest amount of decline in gasoline lead occurred at sites showing statistically significant downtrends in stream concentrations of lead from 1974 to 1985. No more than 5 percent of the trends in stream lead are influenced by municipal- and industrial-point sources of lead. Factors that affect the transport of dissolved lead, including lead solubility, suspended sediment, and basin characteristics such as drainage basin size, are not significantly related to trends in dissolved lead. Trends in streamflow explain no more than 7 percent of the downtrends in concentrations of lead and may partly explain the frequent increases in lead concentrations in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions.     

镉、铅、汞在体外对氨基酸掺入微粒体蛋白中的影响

将从未经处理大鼠体内分离出来的肝微粒体与蛋白合成能量系统,同位素标记氨基酸以及各种浓度镉、铅、汞在体外一起温育以测定镉、铅、汞对氨基酸掺入微粒体蛋白中的影响.实验结果表明,上述三种金属都抑制氨基酸向肝微粒体蛋白中的掺入.随着这些金属在体外浓度的增加,此种抑制作用,也越明显.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定汽油中铅的方法探讨

随着社会的进步,汽车工业的发展,汽车尾气已经成为空气污染的主要杀手.中国对使用汽油中含铅量也有明确规定.文章通过GB8020-87 汽油铅含量测定方法(原子吸收光谱法),对实际试样进行了测定和分析,对方法的精密度和准确度进行了验证,并通过实际测定分析,对提高方法准确度提出了适当的建议.     

Roadside Concentration of Gaseous and Particulate Matter Pollutants and Risk Assessment in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania

This study used manual air sampling method to assess the contribution of road traffic to air pollution level in Dar-es-Salaam City, Tanzania. Samples were collected from 11 different sites. Parameters measured were: sulphur dioxide using pararosaniline method, nitrogen dioxide using saltzman method, particulate matter and particulate lead using filtration method and atomic absorption spectrometric method, respectively. Results showed that hourly average sulphur dioxide concentration range from 127 to 1385 g/m³. The measured values of sulphur dioxide were above the recommended WHO guidelines with an hourly objective value of 350 g/m³ at 87% of the sampling sites. The hourly average nitrogen dioxide concentration ranged from 18 to 53 g/m³. The maximum hourly nitrogen dioxide concentration at 53 g/m³ was below the WHO guideline value of 200 g/m³. The hourly average suspended particulate matter (SPM) ranged from 98 to 1161 g/m³, exceeding the recommended value of 230 g/m³ by WHO at 87% of the sampling sites. The hourly average lead concentration was found to range from 0.60 to 25.6 g/m³, exceeding again the WHO guideline value of 1.5 g/m³at 83% of the sampling sites. Results predicted by Gaussian model when compared with the measured values were found to have a correlation coefficient of 0.8, signifying a good correlation. The risk assessment was undertaken considering the people who spend a significant portion of their time near the roads, such as the Uhuru primary school pupils and the adult population who reside by the roadside. The unit risk realised was 18.2 × 10^–6 for adult population and 2.2 × 10^–6 for pupils, both scenarios showing risk higher than the United Sates of America Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) acceptable limit of 1× 10^–6. Considering the magnitude of the problem at hand, this study recommends an introduction of mandatory emission tests of SPM, lead and sulphur dioxide (SO₂). The study further recommends the introduction of continuous and/or regular air quality monitoring and the use non-leaded petrol in Tanzania.     

Assessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles

The influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants.     

Kinetic adsorption of application of carbon nanotubes for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from aqueous solution

The capability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to adsorb lead (Pb) in aqueous solution was investigated. Batch mode adsorption experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pH, agitation speed, CNTs dosage and contact time. The removal of Pb(Ⅱ) reached maximum value 85% or 83% at pH 5 or 40 mg/L of CNTs, respectively. Higher correlation coeffcients from Langmuir isotherm model indicates the strong adsorptions of Pb(Ⅱ) on the surface of CNTs (adsorption capacity Xm = 102.04 mg/g). The results indicates tha...