微塑料与铅复合污染对玉米种子萌发与生长的影响

为探明微塑料和重金属复合污染对作物种子萌发与生长的影响,以玉米种子为对象,探究了铅(Pb)和3种微塑料[聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)]不同单一及复合浓度暴露对玉米种子萌发及其生长的影响.结果表明,Pb单一暴露对玉米种子发芽的抑制总体上随其浓度的升高而增强;与CK相比,500、 1 000和1 500 mg·L^-1PE暴露显著抑制玉米种子发芽,100 mg·L^-1和300 mg·L^-1暴露影响不显著(第5 d除外);所有PP浓度暴露均显著抑制玉米种子发芽;相比PP和PE,PVC单一暴露对玉米发芽抑制较轻.Pb和3种微塑料复合暴露均显著抑制玉米种子发芽,随着时间的增长,抑制逐渐减弱.玉米种子的发芽指数、发芽势和活力指数均随着Pb及3种微塑料单一暴露浓度升高而减小,且在Pb和PE复合暴露下较CK显著减小,但在Pb和PP、 Pb和PVC复合暴露下均无显著变化;3种微塑料中,PVC对玉米种子活力影响相对最轻.10 mg·L^-1Pb和100 mg·L^-1的3种微塑料单...     

玉米秸秆黄原酸盐对铅离子的动态吸附特征

玉米秸秆黄原酸盐是一种新型的重金属吸附材料.为了揭示玉米秸秆黄原酸盐对溶液中铅离子的动态吸附特征,本文通过柱体穿透吸附模拟实验方法,研究了玉米秸秆黄原酸对流体中铅离子的吸附穿透曲线、吸附效率及水体流速、初始浓度、填柱高度等因素对其吸附特性的影响,并采用The Thomas、The Bohart-Adams、The Wolborskal和The Yoon-Nelson等模型进行动力学拟合.结果表明,流速、初始浓度、填柱高度等因素对玉米秸秆黄原酸盐吸附铅离子的穿透曲线都有明显影响,Thomas模型和Yoon-Nelson模型能较好反映吸附过程特征.实验表明,玉米秸秆黄原酸盐对铅离子的吸附量为175 mg·g~(-1),吸附后的玉米秸秆黄原酸盐残渣体性能稳定.     

电厂烟气中SO2对活性炭吸附单质铅(Pb0)的影响机理

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了SO_2对活性炭吸附单质铅(Pb~0)的影响,其中,结构优化与频率计算采用B3LYP/def2-SVP级别方法和基组,单点能计算采用B3LYP/def2-TZVP级别方法和基组.同时,利用玻尔兹曼分布函数分析了SO_2与Pb~0在活性炭表面的竞争吸附关系,结果表明,Pb~0在纯净活性炭上的吸附能力大于SO_2.此外,本研究发现,SO_2的预吸附会增强活性炭对Pb~0的吸附效果.通过静电势分布揭开了SO_2促进活性炭吸附Pb~0的深层原因,结果发现,吸附SO_2以后活性炭表面静电势极大值增大,极小值减小,吸附剂吸附能力因此增强.最后,利用电子密度差分图揭示出SO_2改性活性炭在吸附Pb~0时,SO_2对Pb~0吸附的影响可以分为直接影响和间接影响两种.     

PVC浓度对热处理过程中Pb迁移转化的影响

生活垃圾热处理过程中含氯化合物的存在会使重金属转化为颗粒更小、更易挥发的重金属氯化物,扩大其环境影响.本文采用热分析和管式炉模拟法,研究在不同气氛下城市生活垃圾中典型有机氯化物--聚氯乙烯（PVC）对重金属Pb迁移转化的影响.结果表明,PVC和PbO共存的体系中,PVC在250℃左右热分解产生HCl,并与PbO反应生成PbCl₂（501℃左右开始挥发）而促进Pb迁移进入烟气.当Cl：Pb物质的量比为2,3,5和10时,在空气气氛下PVC浓度的增加对Pb的挥发没有显著影响,而在氮气气氛下,Cl：Pb=3时,Pb挥发率最大,达到88.19%,Cl：Pb=2时,Pb挥发率最小,为68.60%.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

文山市部分蔬菜中铅、镉含量测定

采用石墨炉原子吸收法通过随机抽样对文山市老三七农贸市场销售的6种蔬菜中铅、镉含量进行测定。结果表明:不同蔬菜中铅、镉含量不同;同种蔬菜不同部分对铅、镉的富集也不同;文山市老三七农贸市场销售的蔬菜中有重金属铅、镉的污染情况存在,但不严重。分析了蔬菜中重金属铅、镉污染的主要原因及防治措施。     

顶空气相色谱/质谱法测定水中四乙基铅的关键因素研究

采用顶空气相色谱/质谱法联用技术测定水中的四乙基铅,对涉及的关键操作环节及重点技术问题进行了研究。结果表明,在避光条件下于4℃低温冷藏并密封保存,添加甲醇作为保护剂,保存时间不应超过3 d。实验选择进样口温度为220℃,顶空瓶压力为96.52 kPa,调节载气流量设置实际分流比为51,可以有效改善顶空进样测定样品时存在的不出峰、不稳定或灵敏度降低的问题。对地表水、自来水及生活污水实际样品进行四乙基铅测定和加标回收分析,加标回收率为81.0%~110%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~7.4%,能够满足《水质四乙基铅的测定顶空/气相色谱质谱法》(HJ 959—2018)的测定要求。将顶空进样法与吹扫捕集法进行比较,结果表明顶空进样法稳定性更好,适合大批量四乙基铅样品的连续测定。     

改良铅锌矿渣对栾树幼苗铅锌富集与耐性机制

植物修复是尾矿区恢复的一项生态技术,添加基质改良剂可以减轻重金属对植物的胁迫,提高修复效率.以木本植物栾树（Koelreuteria paniculata）作为供试植物,分别在100%尾矿（S）、90%的尾矿+5%蘑菇渣（SMC）+5% CaCO₃（MS）和天然红壤（RS）中进行盆栽试验.探究不同处理下栾树耐受Pb和Zn的生长富集效应、微观特征变化和基质中微生物多样性变化.结果表明,改良剂的添加相比于尾矿可以显著改善尾矿基质的理化结构,显著提升栾树的生物量、株高和叶绿素含量等相关生理指标,增加栾树中积累的重金属含量.处理组MS相较于对照组RS总根长增长达到69.3%,而对照组RS平均根径相较于对照组S下降118.7%.处理组MS与对照组S相比,Pb和Zn残渣态增加266.67%,弱酸可提取态和氧化物结合态显著降低,重金属对于植株迁移活性减弱.同时,多数重金属被栾树截留在根部,其根系构型的变化表明其在面对高浓度的Pb胁迫时具有较强的适应性.透射电镜（TEM）分析表明,对照组S中较高浓度的重金属含量会破坏细胞壁结构,对植物细胞造成毒害.改良剂的添加有效缓解了重金属胁迫对栾树各组织的影响,影响微生物群落的结构,显著提高微生物丰富度和多样性,增强栾树对重金属的适应性和植物修复能力.     

Comparative adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions on chestnut shell in aqueous system

In this study, high capacity Chestnut shell, a waste product from the chestnut sugar production industry, was successfully applied to remove Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Maximum adsorption capacities were found as 541.25?mg/g and 75.86?mg/g for Pb(II), and Cd(II) respectively. Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions such as contact time, pH, temperature and effect of metal concentration were investigated systematically by batch experiments. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to describe adsorption isotherms and constants. The thermodynamic parameters, such as standard free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), and standard entropy (ΔS°), of the adsorption process were calculated. The adsorbents were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. It has been observed from the experimental results that in case of both Cd (II) and Pb (II), pseudo 2nd order kinetic model. From the results, Chestnut Shell are considered as an effective, low cost and environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) from wastewater.     

湿地水环境中采集的生物膜吸附铅和镉的特性

利用向海自然保护区湿地水环境中直接采集的生物膜进行了铅、镉的吸附实验发现,Freundlich和Langmuir方程均可描述生物膜吸附铅、镉的热力学过程.在所研究的浓度范围内,生物膜吸附铅的能力(1.55～8.25μmol/g)大于吸附镉(0.66～3.03μmol/g)的能力,而且随着生物膜浓度的增加,生物膜吸附铅、镉的最大吸附量呈下降趋势,并具有显著的相关性(n=5,p=0.10,0.05).