黄土高原典型土壤剖面有机碳物理组分分布特征

为阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式的变化规律,分析了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨凌)等典型土壤剖面(0~200 cm)LFOC和HFOC含量及分布特征。结果表明,从南到北,土壤LFOC和HFOC含量均显著下降 (P<0.05),整体来看,黄土高原典型区域土壤LFOC含量占有机碳比例偏低;LFOC含量及在土壤有机碳中的分配比例随土层加深而递减,其比例变化范围为1%~26%;土地利用方式对浅层土壤LFOC和HFOC含量影响较为显著,草地土壤0~60 cm土层LFOC和HFOC含量均高于同层次农田土壤(P<0.05),60 cm土层以下差异不显著;土壤LFOC和HFOC含量与微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),前者的相关性系数更高,分别为0.841和0.507,表明土壤LFOC与微生物关系非常密切,是土壤微生物重要的碳和能量来源,极易受土地利用方式和微生物活性影响,同时表明用LFOC的变化更能快速有效地说明土壤碳库的变化规律。     

基于RS与GIS的长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性综合评价

使用空间主成分分析法构建评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,结合遥感数据与地理信息系统软件,对长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性进行了综合评价,并对脆弱性成因进行了分析. 结果表明,长江三角洲生态环境极度和重度脆弱区主要分布在其中部的太湖流域和浙江中西部,占整个研究区的20.10%;轻度和中度脆弱区遍布于整个研究区,占55.25%;微度脆弱区主要分布在江苏北部和浙江东部,占24.65%. 总体来看,长江三角洲大部分区域的生态环境属轻度和中度脆弱. 影响长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性的自然因素有≥35 ℃日数、旱涝分布、海拔高度、归一化植被指数（NDVI）年累加值、景观多样性指数和土壤侵蚀强度;人为因素有人均耕地面积、人均水资源、人均废水排放量、人均废气排放量、化肥施用强度、土地利用变化、“三废”综合利用产品产值、人口密度和GDP. 极度和重度脆弱区生态环境的主要特征是自然灾害发生频率大、资源匮乏、污染强度大、土壤侵蚀严重和生物多样性低.      

曹妃甸老龙口现代沉积环境及重金属污染特征研究

利用测年、重金属测定、粒度测定等方法,对河北曹妃甸老龙口区域的7个柱状沉积物进行了粒度、沉积物的测年、重金属含量测定和分析,探讨潮滩重金属沉积的控制因素和迁移规律.结果显示,老龙口潮滩属于细沙和粉沙,根据同位素测年结果,L06沉积速率最大,为0.90cm/a;其余柱状样沉积速率均小于0.5cm/a,平均沉积速率为0.32cm/a,曹妃甸潮滩属于缓慢沉积;柱状样垂直方向波动剧烈,受人类活动影响明显.重金属的含量在柱样的30~40cm深度呈现向表层递增的趋势,Hg、Cr的污染比较严重、其他元素基本无污染.虽然多数重金属元素在背景值附近没有出现污染现象,生态危害性极低,但是,受Pb、Hg中度重金属生态危害的影响,该区域多种重金属生态危害指数(ERI)达158.41,表现为中等程度的生态危害性;存在一定的潜在生态风险.     

Rookery Bay and Naples Bay circulation simulations: Applications to tides and fresh water inflow regulation

A three-dimensional, baroclinic numerical circulation model is applied to the combined Rookery Bay and Naples Bay estuary complex. We focus on two aspects of the model simulations: the tidal circulation, for which we have observations of sea level and currents at several stations spanning Rookery Bay, and the salinity variations, for which we have observations at one station. After establishing model veracity through quantitative comparisons with observations, we use the model to address salinity changes that could arise due to regulatory fresh water flow rate modifications. Two different sets of experiments are performed. The first considers the salinity changes in Rookery Bay by increasing the fresh water flow rates into Henderson Creek through the addition of either 1.4 m³/s or 2.8 m³/s to the ambient flow rates. The second considers the salinity changes in Naples Bay by decreasing the fresh water flow rates through the subtraction of 9.9 m³/s from the Golden Gate Canals’ ambient flow rates. All of these scenarios result in significant, quantifiable salinity changes within the Rookery Bay and Naples Bay estuary complexes, demonstrating the environmental management utility of using high resolution, three-dimensional, numerical circulation models, as applied herein, for assessing the water properties of complex, multi-connected estuarine systems.     

Modeling estuarine-shelf exchanges in a deltaic estuary: Implications for coastal carbon budgets and hypoxia

The export of wetland-derived materials to the coastal ocean (i.e., the “Outwelling” hypothesis) has received considerable attention over the past several decades. While a number of studies have shown that estuaries export appreciable amounts of nutrients and carbon, few studies have attempted to estimate the importance of estuarine sources for the coastal carbon budgets in river-dominated coastal ecosystems. A novel tidal prism model was developed to examine estuarine-shelf exchanges in the Barataria estuary, a deltaic estuary located in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. This estuary has been the site of a massive wetland loss, and it has been hypothesized that carbon export from the eroding coastal wetlands supports the development of a large hypoxic zone in the coastal Gulf of Mexico. The model results show that the Barataria estuary receives nitrogen through the tidal passes and releases carbon to the coastal ocean. The mean calculated tidal water discharge of 6930 m³ s⁻¹ is equivalent to about 43% of the lower Mississippi River discharge. The annual total organic carbon (TOC) export is 109 million kg, or 57 gC m² yr⁻¹ when prorated to the total water area of the estuary. This carbon export is equivalent to a loss of 0.5 m of wetland soil horizon over an area of 8.4 km², and accounts for about 34% of the observed annual wetland loss in the estuary between 1978 and 2000. Compared to the lower Mississippi River, the Barataria estuary appears to be a very small source of TOC for the northern Gulf of Mexico (2.7% of riverine TOC), and is unlikely to have a significant influence on the development of the Gulf's hypoxia.     

Matching the Multiple Scales of Conservation with the Multiple Scales of Climate Change

Abstract:  To anticipate the rapidly changing world resulting from global climate change, the projections of climate models must be incorporated into conservation. This requires that the scales of conservation be aligned with the scales of climate-change projections. We considered how conservation has incorporated spatial scale into protecting biodiversity, how the projections of climate-change models vary with scale, and how the two do or do not align. Conservation planners use information about past and current ecological conditions at multiple scales to identify conservation targets and threats and guide conservation actions. Projections of climate change are also made at multiple scales, from global and regional circulation models to projections downscaled to local scales. These downscaled projections carry with them the uncertainties associated with the broad-scale models from which they are derived; thus, their high resolution may be more apparent than real. Conservation at regional or global scales is about establishing priorities and influencing policy. At these scales, the coarseness and uncertainties of global and regional climate models may be less important than what they reveal about possible futures. At the ecoregional scale, the uncertainties associated with downscaling climate models become more critical because the distributions of conservation targets on which plans are founded may shift under future climates. At a local scale, variations in topography and land cover influence local climate, often overriding the projections of broad-scale climate models and increasing uncertainty. Despite the uncertainties, ecologists and conservationists must work with climate-change modelers to focus on the most likely projections. The future will be different from the past and full of surprises; judicious use of model projections at appropriate scales may help us prepare.     

入田泥沙对黄河三角洲地区土壤物理性状的影响——以小开河引黄灌区为例

为研究人田泥沙对小开河灌区自然土壤的影响,用分析化验和工程测试等方法,分析了引黄泥沙和输沙人田后土壤颗粒组成、容重、孔隙状况等物理性状。结果表明：引黄泥沙中0．02～0．002mm的细粉粒比例最高,平均39-31％。小开河自然土壤中0．05-0．02mm的粗粉粒比例最高,为53．41％,泥沙中细粉粒和粘粒含量明显高于当地土壤。输沙人田使灌区土壤中0．02—0．002mm的细粉粒和〈0．002mm的粘粒比例明显增加,〉0．02mm的颗粒比例下降,虽有效避免了因渠首集中沉沙造成的土壤沙化和生态环境恶化,但增加了土壤的粘重程度。农田耕作在一定程度上增加土壤通气孔隙比例、降低土壤容重,但土壤毛管孔隙度依旧稳定在40％左右,毛管作用旺盛,使土壤通气状况不能满足作物需求。在黄河三角洲地区输沙入田的泥沙处理,应结合当地土壤的基本性质和水盐运动规律配置泥沙,以免增强当地土壤紧实、通透性差的性状。     

典型城区与郊区环境两种灌木生理生化特性比较

选取北京城区与郊区典型样点,针对栽植多年的大叶黄杨（Euonymus japonicus）和小叶黄杨（Buxus sinica subsp.sinica var.parvifolia）成龄植株,分别于春、夏、秋3季取样测定叶片的各项生理生化指标,研究了城区与郊区环境下2种灌木的生理生化特性的差异。结果表明：生长前期（春季）城区车公庄2种灌木的叶绿素总量高于郊区植物园,经过一段时期之后低于植物园（夏秋）。Chlb的城郊变化幅度大于Chla。Chla的变化趋势与Chlb相反造成了Chla/b的大幅度变化。大叶黄杨的叶绿素总量和Chla/b比小叶黄杨受城区环境影响更大。城区环境下2种灌木自由水/束缚水降低,脯氨酸质量分数、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度升高,说明城区环境下2种灌木生理代谢水平降低,膜脂过氧化。城区环境下大叶黄杨的自由水/束缚水、脯氨酸质量分数的变化率较小叶黄杨高,2种灌木丙二醛的变化率相近。综合来看,城区环境下大叶黄杨的生理生化反应比小叶黄杨更敏感。     

长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

大夏河临夏段枯水期纤毛虫群落特征与水质相互关系研究

2008年11月至2009年3月,在大夏河临夏段设置4个断面分2批采集16个水样,用活体镜检和固定染色相结合的方法,对该河段枯水期纤毛虫物种多样性、群落结构特征及其与水质的相互关系进行研究。共鉴定出纤毛虫3纲13目45科57属114种(包括9种未定种)。动基片纲(Kinetofragminophorea)48种(隶属18科22属),寡膜纲(Oligohymenophorea)36种(隶属16科18属),多膜纲(Polyhymenophorea)30种(隶属11科17属),分别占总物种数的42.0%、32.0%和26.0%。肾形豆形虫和梨形四膜虫为优势种群,尾草履虫、瓜形膜袋虫、片状漫游虫、大口瞬目虫、弯豆形虫、小口钟虫、纺锤康纤虫为次优势种群,可以作为河流生活型有机污染的指示物种。据纤毛虫群落特征以及水体主要理化指标对大夏河临夏段水环境质量进行综合评价,结果显示,该河段以生活型有机污染为主。1#~4#样点的污染等级和顺序为:1#(Os,轻微污染)4#(α-ms,中度污染)2#(α-ms,中度污染)3#(α-ms~Ps,中度—重度污染)。