Transnational environmental collective action facing implementation constraints – the case of nutrient leakage in the Baltic Sea Action Plan

While scholars have showed a long-standing interest for how to design effective environmental treaties and other international agreements, less interest has been paid to implementation phases of these agreements. This article takes the Eutrophication Segment in the Baltic Sea Action Plan as an example of a regional effort to reduce nutrient leakages, where national reporting of adopted strategies has been a key mechanism to improve implementation effectiveness. It is shown that although transnational collective action theory is a powerful tool to analyse underlying drivers and priorities in state implementation policies, a deeper analysis of domestic and external constraints can shed additional light on observed implementation gaps. Varying views among countries on, for example, the role of stakeholder participation, legitimacy and top-down governing versus multi-stakeholder governance approaches may comprise domestic constraints that make effective and efficient implementation problematic. In terms of external constraints, states’ balancing of action plan objectives versus other international commitments, such as other environmental treaties and EU Directives, is shown to potentially reduce implementation efficiency as well.     

重金属元素在冻土与融土中迁移的对比试验

随着寒区经济的发展,冻土地区的矿山开采活动不断加剧,随之产生的重金属污染问题也越来越严重.冻土地区生态环境脆弱,一旦受到破坏就很难恢复.针对此问题,室内模拟了尾矿矿渣在冻土与融土中的填埋及其对填埋场周边土体的影响,通过检测填埋场各处土壤的温度、含水量以及重金属元素的含量,发现温度和水分对重金属元素的迁移影响很大.土壤温度越低,重金属元素的迁移越慢;在温度梯度的作用下,重金属元素均随着水分从土体的暖端向冷端迁徙并聚集于冻结锋面.重金属元素在冻土中的迁移比融土中慢,表明冻土环境不利于重金属元素的迁移.在土壤质地、温度和含水量等相同的情况下,Zn的迁移性较强,Pb和Cu的迁移性相对较弱.     

生物法同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用轻质陶粒生物滴滤塔处理摸拟燃煤烟气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的试验研究,探讨生物法同时脱硫脱硝的影响因素及生物降解宏观动力学。研究结果表明,生物法能有效同时去除烟气中的二氧化硫和氮氧化物,烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率分别可达99.9%和88.9%。为获得最佳烟气同时脱硫脱硝效果,二氧化硫和氮氧化物进气负荷应分别＜140 g/（m³·h）和20 g/（m³·h）,循环液pH=7～8,空床停留时间为30.28 s,喷淋密度为8.81 L/（m³·h）。     

Land use planning and wildfire risk mitigation: an analysis of wildfire-burned subdivisions using high-resolution remote sensing imagery and GIS data

This paper evaluates risk factors that influence the probability that a house will burn from wildfire. A logistic regression is used to analyse data processed from pre-fire and post-fire IKONOS images and other geo-referenced data. The dependent variable is the probability that a given house will burn. A total of 12 independent variables are evaluated: vegetation density; area of defensible space; adjacency of a parcel to public lands; proximity of a house to fire station; road width; road type; parcel size; subdivision morphology; assessed value; elevation; slope and aspect. Model results generally support dominant land use planning and design strategies for wildfire risk reduction including vegetation treatments, site selection with respect to topography, and improving access to fire stations.     

汶川地震极重灾区地形起伏度特征及其与生态环境受损关联分析

采用DEM数据对汶川地震极重灾区地形起伏度特征分析,海拔高度和地形起伏度总体上是南西高,北东低。5km×5km单元地形起伏度〉1000m的区域面积占27．98％。0．5km×0．5km单元〉100m的区域面积占50．63％。在8．0级主震和6．4级余震震中之间典型区段剖面0．5km间隔分析中,南西段起伏度大于北东段,南西段起伏度〉200m区段占全段14．84％,北东段仅占6．64％。地震导致生态环境受损程度的差异与地形起伏度的差异在空间分布上有一定的重合,具有高起伏度的南西段生态系统破坏面积占总破坏面积的88．55％,新增水土流失面积占新增总面积的70．99％。地震灾区地形起伏度是生态环境遭受严重破坏致灾关联因素之一。     

六塘河泗阳段水环境状况及污染防治对策

结合近年来对江苏泗阳县城区内河（沟）水质监测和调查,分析六塘河泗阳段水环境污染现状和成因,并对控制淮河流域重点控制断面——六塘河石渡段面（泗阳县）水质达标,结合泗阳实际情况,提出相关对策。     

峨眉河乐山市中区段水环境污染及防治对策

为了确保峨眉河乐山市中区段水环境质量满足社会经济的发展,在全面调查峨眉河流域污染现状的基础上,对该流域水环境进行系统的分析和评价,得出乐山市中区段水环境质量达到国家《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中Ⅱ类水质标准,流域的主要污染为城镇生活污染源。同时,计算出峨眉河的水环境容量,提出对污染源施行总量控制方案。并根据峨眉河流域污染源的实际情况,针对城镇生活污染源、工业污染源和面源的不同特点提出具体的防治对策。     

航空环境与机载设备环境试验规范的制定

本文简要介绍了航空环境中对流层、平流层、电离层、外大气层的基本环境及民用飞机机型的基本情况,对机载设备环境试验标准的选用及标准中提供的机载设备环境试验项目和应力等级的剪裁,归纳整理出了应考虑的因素：飞机舱内、舱外,飞机类型、飞机性能,并对每个试验项目的目的做了简要介绍。     

可靠性技术的发展与应用

本文介绍了可靠性标准体系与参数体系,可靠性的分析与设计方法,可靠性试验的发展趋势,指出可靠性管理是产品可靠性工作的核心,以及提高电子设备可靠性的发展策略。     

美国对石油天然气勘探开发中废物的环境监管

石油天然气勘探开发及生产过程中会产生大量的废物,对这些废物的管理目前受到各国高度的重视。文章介绍了美国石油和天然气勘探开发中废物的监管机构、监管要求和管理实践,以期对我国油气行业勘探开发废物的环境监管有所启示。