高炉炉顶煤气中HCl气体脱除的试验研究

高炉炉顶煤气中HCl气体会加速TRT叶片和煤气管道腐蚀。脱除高炉炉顶煤气中HCl气体可以采用石灰石、轻烧石灰石、Na_2CO_3和KOH作为脱氯剂的活性组分,脱氯剂粒度控制为3~6 mm、脱氯剂料层厚度控制为200 mm以上并适当提高煤气温度来改善高炉煤气中HCl气体的脱除过程。     

鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷形态及对水位变化响应

选取鄱阳湖枯水期不同高程出露表层沉积物,通过研究有机磷含量及形态差异,试图揭示江湖关系变化引起的水位下降对鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷潜在释放风险的影响.结果表明:1鄱阳湖枯水期表层沉积物有机磷含量(115.2~448.3 mg·kg-1)占总磷的19.3%~45.1%,有机磷含量空间分布呈"五河"入湖尾闾区高于湖心区和北部湖区.2鄱阳湖表层沉积物各形态有机磷含量大小顺序为:残渣态有机磷盐酸提取有机磷胡敏酸有机磷碳酸氢钠提取有机磷富里酸有机磷.3水位下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长是引起鄱阳湖不同高程沉积物有机磷形态变化的重要原因.沉积物出露时间越长,碳酸氢钠提取有机磷、盐酸提取有机磷与富里酸有机磷的含量越低,而胡敏酸有机磷和残渣态有机磷含量越高.同时,水位下降引起的沉积物出露时间延长致使活性有机磷和中活性有机磷占总有机磷比例下降,而非活性有机磷占总有机磷比例增加,反映了沉积物出露时间延长可能会促进有机磷形态由活性向非活性转化,在一定程度上能够降低沉积物有机磷的潜在性风险.     

太湖西岸水体污染物时空分布及解析

采用聚类分析、主成分分析及相关分析方法解析2015年太湖西岸入湖河流水质污染的时空分布特征及影响该区域水质的主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:时间上按污染程度将全年聚类为时段I(12月、1—3月)、时段II(11月、4—5月)和时段III(6—10月)3类;根据11项水质指标主成分分析提取3个主成分,可以解释75.49%的结果;时段I、时段II和时段III水质污染状况依次降低,空间上总体呈现出太湖西岸北部向南部递减的趋势;NH3-N、TN、Chl-a和SD是影响该水域水质的主要驱动因子。     

Power,responsibility and justice: a review of local stakeholder participation in European flood risk management

Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the active involvement of local stakeholders in the management of floods in Europe. Such involvement is seen as necessary as the management of floods becomes more complex. Management approaches now seek to include a range of potential measures to reduce risk (e.g. structural defence, spatial planning and property-level protection measures). Local stakeholder involvement is seen to be important because governments lack the capacities such as knowledge and funding required to deliver all these measures alone. This paper focuses on the implications that more participative approaches have on the fairness of European flood risk management (FRM). Studies of environmental justice are well placed to address this question because they are interested in who is included and excluded from decisions related to the distribution of environmental goods (resources) and bads (risks). Existing literature suggests that fair decision-making processes (procedural justice) can lead to fair distribution or resources and risks (distributive justice). This literature review of 30 peer-reviewed papers provides an analysis of justice and FRM by assessing practices of participation which are presented in the recent literature on local stakeholder involvement in FRM in England, Germany and the Netherlands. It was found that participation in practice generally focuses on transferring responsibility to the local level at the expense of power. This paper discusses the implications that this finding has for justice and synthesises potential ways forward based on recommendations of the reviewed literature.     

Comparisons and critical assessment of global and diffuse solar irradiation estimation methodologies

Defining better methodologies of accurate predictions of the amount of monthly mean daily global and diffuse solar irradiation exposed is of utmost importance in order to determine the potential for utilizing the solar energy. This study compares and discusses the main methodologies, databases, and software that are used in estimating the solar irradiation to be used for the short- and long-term performances and feasibilities of solar energy systems, especially photovoltaic power plants in Turkey, and addresses the best one to be used to make the most accurate estimations. The comparisons are carried out between the recent methodologies developed by the authors, some models taken from the related literature that are concluded to be better, a widely used database, namely Meteonorm, and a widely used software, namely EU PVGIS. The reference data to develop the methodologies and to make comparison are provided from the State Meteorological Service of Turkey, which is the responsible body in Turkey to make measurements of solar irradiation. The comparisons are based on monthly mean daily values of global and diffuse solar irradiation and are carried out by statistical errors: mean bias error and root mean square error. The results showed that the methodology developed by the authors has shown better performances in estimating the monthly mean daily global and diffuse solar irradiation amount for Turkey.     

An investigation of double-glass-covered trapezoidal salt-gradient solar pond coupled with reflector

In the present study, a trapezoidal salt-gradient solar pond (TSGSP) has been investigated experimentally. The top surface of solar pond has been covered with double-glass cover in order to reduce the evaporative and convective losses from the top. This results in increase of temperature even in the top zone of the solar pond and leads to more volume utilization for heat storage in the pond. A reflector made of aluminium sheet has been used to enhance the solar intensity on the solar pond during sunny hours. A procedure, to determine optimum tilt angle of reflector in order to utilize maximum amount of solar energy at noon, has been proposed. The use of reflector enhanced the average solar intensity on the top surface of solar pond by 22%. The maximum average temperature of trapezoidal solar pond with glass cover and reflector has been observed to be 70.5°C. The thermal efficiencies of LCZ, NCZ and UCZ for the trapezoidal solar pond with double-glass cover and reflector have been estimated to be 32.73%, 23.22% and 5.30%, respectively. In addition to experimental investigation, the sunny area ratio of TSGSP has been theoretically computed and compared with the cuboid solar pond having same top surface area and depth in order to see the effect of pond shape on sunny area ratio. The average yearly sunny area ratio of trapezoidal solar pond has been determined to be 11% higher than that of cuboid one.     

美国环境与健康管理体制借鉴

美国为应对环境污染带来的公共健康灾难,建立了环保局与卫生部既分工又协作的体制,两个部门都关注环境污染对人类健康的危害。在职能上,环保局侧重于管制和"污染者",卫生部侧重于服务和"潜在受害者"。联邦层面,环保局与卫生部在管制方面和研究(信息共享)方面紧密合作。地方层面,环保局的主要职能是监督各州执行联邦标准,卫生部的主要职能是提供健康和医疗服务,并在具体工作中密切配合。借鉴美国的经验教训,明确建立"公众健康优先"的环境管理价值取向,针对环境与健康风险管理的特点推进生态环境统一监管机构改革,以法治思维和法治方法推进环境与健康治理体系建设;加强科学研究,加快建设环境与健康风险控制信息系统。     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

增大库水位日降幅联合降雨条件下张家祠堂滑坡稳定性分析

库水位下降对滑坡的稳定性变化有重要影响。以张家祠堂滑坡为例,利用Geo-studio软件的Seep/W模块和Slope/W模块分别对滑坡渗流场和稳定性进行数值模拟计算,分析降雨和不同库水位下降速率对该滑坡稳定性的影响规律,并结合滑坡变形的调查情况和数值模拟计算结果对该滑坡进行稳定性预测与评价。结果表明:张家祠堂滑坡为降雨型滑坡,相对于降雨,增大库水位日降幅对滑坡稳定性影响非常有限;预测在非汛期增大库水位日降幅条件下,滑坡整体基本稳定;滑坡在中前部虽有变形,但滑坡整体并未形成连续贯通的软弱面,因此该滑坡目前为基本稳定;滑坡在最危险工况(库水位日降幅1.2m/d+降雨)下的稳定性系数为1.154,滑坡处于基本稳定状态。     

超声辅助生物淋滤废旧Zn-C电池锌锰溶出的研究

以氧化硫硫杆菌(A.thiooxidans)为淋滤菌株对废旧Zn-C电池电极材料中的Zn、Mn进行了生物浸提,比较研究了化学浸提、生物淋滤和不同超声辅助方法生物淋滤体系下的Zn、Mn的溶出效率及溶出动力学.结果表明:不同超声辅助方法中,超声+生物淋滤体系Zn、Mn溶出最优,Zn、Mn的最大溶出率分别为94.2%和65.5%,并提高了溶释速率.此外,对于Mn的溶出,化学淋滤体系符合边界层扩散控制模型,生物淋滤和超声+生物淋滤体系符合收缩核Stoke's regime模型,而Zn的溶出均符合化学反应控制模型.