省级“双评价”的理论思考与实践方案——以浙江省为例

资源环境承载能力与国土空间开发适宜性评价（“双评价”）在国土空间规划体系中发挥着重要的基础性作用,是空间决策科学性和空间治理有效性的基本保障。从省级国土空间规划的定位出发,剖析省级国土空间规划对“双评价”科学支撑和简单适用的基本要求,总结当前省级“双评价”面临理论与实践的挑战。在此基础上,构建了一套“三维内涵—一对关系—两种尺度—四个层面”的省级“双评价”方案,深入挖掘资源环境承载的能力、压力、潜力三维内涵,立足于承载力与适宜性之间的逻辑联系,以浙江省为案例,从县级行政区和栅格单元两种尺度开展了“双评价”实践,并从优势短板识别、要素空间统筹、开发时序安排及空间格局优化四个层面支撑省级国土空间规划的编制。旨在为省级“双评价”提供一种可行、科学、实用的评价框架,为国土空间规划中布局优化、结构调整、指标分解等实践提供支撑。     

UIO-66改性聚酰胺正渗透复合膜的制备及性能研究

采用界面聚合方法将UIO-66纳米颗粒引入复合膜中制备出改性的聚酰胺复合膜,并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）和接触角仪等仪器对材料和复合膜进行测定表征.以去离子水为原料液,1mol/L氯化钠溶液为汲取液进行渗透性能测试.选取BSA及SA作为污染物进行污染实验,并利用自制探针,借助原子力显微镜（AFM）测定了污染物与膜面的微观作用力.研究发现,相较于原始的聚酰胺复合膜,当UIO-66材料的添加量为0.04wt%时,改性复合膜在FO模式下的纯水通量由10.28L/（m²·h）增大到13.67L/（m²·h）, PRO模式下纯水通量由17.68L/（m²·h）增大到20.41L/（m²·h）,渗透性能改善效果显著,并具有较好的选择性能.此外,污染实验发现相较于原始膜,改性复合膜的通量衰减趋势较缓且与污染物之间粘附力都较小,说明UIO-66改性聚酰胺复合膜的抗污染性能有所提升.     

民用飞机机体连接结构动刚度计算分析及试验验证

目的通过分析和试验得到民用飞机机体连接结构动刚度。方法通过理论分析,得到动刚度的推导公式,并运用有限元分析软件进行频响分析,进而得到连接结构动刚度。运用锤击法得到动刚度试验数据,并进行试验验证。结果试验结果受信号衰减的影响,低频范围内较难得到静刚度结果,但可以通过分析模型得到。试验刚度结果开始波动较大,但在高频范围趋于稳定,最终稳定在分析刚度值左右。当动刚度分析结果受频率影响变化不大时,可以采用动刚度分析均值来作为不同频率下的刚度值。结论通过频响分析得到民用飞机某种结构的动刚度变化曲线,并通过动刚度试验进行了试验验证,分析对比结果表明,有限元分析可以较为准确地得到机体支持结构动刚度,并用于工程实际。     

现阶段我国地震应急技术框架分析及评价

破坏性地震发生后,快速高效地开展地震应急工作离不开地震应急技术的基础支撑。为进一步掌握我国地震应急技术现状,持续增强我国应急能力,通过梳理现阶段我国地震应急指挥、地震烈度调查与损失评估、地震现场流动监测3大技术系统,从技术构成、技术功能、存在问题等方面探讨我国现有地震应急技术。结果表明:现阶段我国的地震应急技术发展显著,但仍存在不足和薄弱环节,标准化、智能化、综合化或将成为新方向。     

填埋场底土污染物浓度实测值和理论解的比较

为了研究现场条件下污染物在粘性土中的运移机理,对运行13年的苏州七子山填埋场进行了钻孔取样.通过对土样进行分层切片、加去离子水混合并结合室内小型离心机分离,得到了填埋场底土中Cl-,Na+及COD的孔隙水浓度.将室内试验测试值和一维扩散理论进行了比较,结果表明,实测浓度剖面与扩散曲线差别较大,可见水力梯度引起的对流和机械弥散作用比分子扩散作用来得重要.将实测值与一维对流弥散解析解的计算值亦进行了比较,结果表明试验数据较为发散,但可以采用一维对流弥散理论进行大致的拟合,从而可得到运移参数的取值范围.进一步的理论预测表明,当填埋场运行30年之后,Cl-的影响深度可达到10 m以上.为了防止和延缓渗滤液污染物的进一步运移,填埋场应采取有效措施阻止渗滤液的扩散.     

A holistic framework for participatory conservation approaches

Organizations seeking better methods for conservation have attempted to use participatory processes to fulfill human and ecological/environmental goals. As a result, the academic literature is filled with examples of community-level approaches to conservation. While such case studies are highly valuable, much of this literature has placed a strong emphasis on the institutional conditions surrounding successful participatory practices. Here, we seek to complement the participatory conservation literature with the community participation literature, which has tended to follow an actor-centered (e.g., residents) approach to successful participatory practices. By merging these two literatures, our goal is to offer a holistic framework that accounts for a more comprehensive understanding of the different forms and benefits of participation. We hope this framework will serve as a tool for field practitioners to implement the most effective action plans resulting in greater future successes.     

Are Environmental Water Advisory Groups an effective form of localism?

A reduction in the legitimacy of top-down governance approaches has resulted in many government agencies using decentralised governance approaches, including localism. However, the effective implementation of localism is challenging. Localism aims to encourage innovative context-based solutions; however unanticipated implementation problems often constrain localism outcomes. There is a significant gap in our understanding of localism in practice, with a better understanding essential to improve localism design and implementation. This paper contributes to addressing this gap through an empirical examination of localism in action. Using the CLEAR framework, we evaluate the decentralised governance of environmental water in the Australian state of New South Wales, a contentious, uncertain and multi-level governance environment. Qualitative interviews with 58 Environmental Water Advisory Group members identified barriers to an effective localism approach, including issues of access and capacity development, transparency of decision-making outcomes and power inequities. This understanding enables the development of strategies for improved localism practice.     

化工园区综合风险评价中的公众参与研究

为确保公众与化工园区之间的和谐相处,分析化工园区综合风险评价中公众参与的现状,提出公众参与实施中所应遵循的原则、方法和形式,采用社会问卷调查的形式,验证了这一工作的必要性。阐述化工园区综合风险评价中公众参与应分为三个阶段,即早期公众参与、中期公众参与及持续公众参与,针对不同时期的具体情况,指出基本的工作程序。在公众参与调查中建立评价因素集的体系框架,并采用熵权法分析评价各因素的权重,结合公众＂幅值＂评分,综合得出公众对于化工园区建设、规划、准入项目及正常生产时带来影响的意见和建议的倾向性。首次提出在化工园区综合风险评价中增加公众参与这一内容,有利于增加政府机构办事的透明度,同时也确保公众的利益得到足够的重视。     

Policy implementation of catchment-scale flood risk management: Learning from Scotland and England

Recent years have seen a gradual adoption of a “catchment-scale” approach to flood risk management into European policy-making which, amongst other objectives, promotes rural land use change to reduce flood risk. While some exploratory studies of land managers’ attitudes exist, research is lacking on how public policies can be mobilised locally to implement these ideas. Two local initiatives were analysed in the transboundary River Tweed basin in Scotland and England during which public authorities negotiated with land managers. A combination of documents (N = 21) and interviews (N = 63) forms the basis of the data analysed. The results showed that implementation is highly dependent on the local policy framework, the activities of implementers, and land managers’ responses to (combination of) policy instruments. Several factors were identified influencing implementation such as devolution arrangements (i.e. from national to regional/local), the level of local interest on flood risk, local attitudes to compromise and collaboration, available policy instruments, and the existence of participatory catchment organisations. With limited scope for stand-alone regulatory action or funding in the short term, synergies and measures promoting co-benefits in flood risk management should be further sought in the Water Framework Directive River Basin Management Plans, as well as in cross-compliance and the new agri-environment-climate strategies of the common agricultural policy.     

The governance of ecosystem services in river basins: An approach for structured data representation and analysis

River basins provide a wide range of ecosystem services important for human well-being. Ecosystem functions and their value to humans have been thoroughly studied. However, the role of governance characteristics for the sustainable management of ecosystem services has been largely ignored up to now. To close this gap, this article introduces the latest modifications to a database building on the Management and Transition Framework (MTF) that serve to study the relationship between water governance and management systems and their performance with regard to impacts on ecosystem services. This comprehensive approach facilitates structured data collection and representation in order to analyze single case studies or compare case studies regarding the governance and management of water resources and associated ecosystem services. It allows the user to investigate whether certain water governance characteristics, such as stakeholder involvement or vertical integration of governance levels, are associated with a change in the management of ecosystem services or a measurable change in their state. A simplified case from South Africa shows how the database modifications allow addressing links between governance and management processes on the one side and ecosystem services and the way they are handled on the other side. Applying the MTF database leads to evidence-based insights into best practices as well as failed management approaches and interventions. This in turn provides knowledge that can be transferred from science to practice supporting sustainable governance of ecosystem services.