基于Box Behnken设计的煤导热系数分析与预测

为研究分析水分、固定碳及密度3个因素对煤导热系数的影响,选取多个矿井不同煤质的煤作为实验煤样,使用NETZSCH LFA457型激光导热系数测试仪进行测定,并引入二次响应曲面试验设计思想,采用Design Expert软件进行煤质指标的Box Behnken试验设计,按设计表筛选实验数据,构建了导热系数多因素、多水平影响下二次回归响应曲面模型,并对不同采样地点的煤导热系数进行了分析与预测。结果表明:二次回归方程P值小于0.000 1,极显著,失拟项为0.072 4,不显著,回归方程具有统计学意义;当水分在0.9%~10.9%,固定碳在49.3%~83.6%,密度在1.2~1.92 g·cm³之间,对煤的导热系数一次项影响程度为密度>固定碳>水分;二次项影响程度为固定碳和密度>水分和密度>水分和固定碳,且固定碳和密度之间存在交互作用,水分和密度、水分和固定碳之间无交互作用;应用响应曲面模型预测的煤导热系数误差为4.3%,满足精度要求。     

微波辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性影响实验研究

为了研究微波场连续-间断辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性的影响,通过自制的实验装置,分析研究了微波连续-间断作用10 ,20 ,40 s及无微波作用下的构造煤颗粒瓦斯解吸量及解吸速率变化规律,并采用水浴加热装置模拟微波产生的热效应,研究了微波热效应在促进煤粒瓦斯解吸中的影响。实验结果表明:在微波连续作用时间内,瓦斯解吸量和解吸速率均迅速增大,然而随着时间的延长衰减较快,最终瓦斯解吸量趋向于一定值,微波连续-间断辐照作用下的瓦斯解吸量是无微波加载作用下的1.83～3.93倍;微波产生的热效应对瓦斯解吸影响较为显著,权重达82%以上,然而其非热效应的影响也不可忽视。实验方法与结果可望为促进构造瓦斯解吸、降低煤层突出危险性提供参考。     

低温驯化对自养脱氮颗粒污泥功能活性与菌群结构的影响分析

低温驯化是提高部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化（PN/A）组合工艺低温脱氮效能和运行稳定性的有效方法.为探究低温驯化对污泥特性的具体影响,本文从温度敏感性、颗粒外观形态、胞外聚合物（EPS）组成和微生物群落结构等方面,对中高温培养（30℃）和低温驯化（15℃）PN/A颗粒污泥之间的差异性进行了分析.反应热力学的研究结果表明,驯化污泥（G_L）在低温区（10~20℃）的脱氮性能较中高温培养污泥（G_H）有了显著提高,总无机氮去除的表观反应活化能（E_a）降低了28.4%.与G_H相比,G_L的平均粒径减小了25.8%,EPS含量增长了16.6%,颗粒的沉降性能明显下降.由高通量测序结果可知,G_L具有更高的菌群多样性,同时,污泥中好氧氨氧化菌（Nitrosomonas）与厌氧氨氧化菌（Candidatus_Kuenenia）的丰度比值（0.04）远小于G_H的0.34.这意味着颗粒污泥在低温环境中对慢速生长自养菌仍具有较强的截留能力.上述发现为解析PN/A污泥在低温条件下的自适应机制,推动组合工艺的工程化应用提供了重要参考.     

甘肃黄土丘陵地区农户取暖用能需求的评价

甘肃黄土丘陵地区冬季温度多处于0 ℃以下,农户取暖水平低。论文通过实地观测记录获取数据,建立趋势面模型,核算采暖期累计温差和实际用能消耗,提出以16 ℃的室内温度为小康取暖标准。参考国家相关标准,比较实际用能和应用节能技术下用能的热效率。结果表明,陇东长官村和陇中河畔村农户采暖期累计温差分别为23 002 h·℃和36 390 h·℃,实际取暖能耗分别为926 kgce/a和1 199 kgce/a。农户取暖用能数量虽不少,但目前只解决了小康水平下39.6%和46.6%的取暖需求。取暖用能的综合热效率只有17%左右。如果应用节能技术,能耗会大幅降低,提高综合热效率的潜力巨大。因此,通过住房的节能改造和用能设施的改善来提高房屋的保暖性、降低单位面积的热损耗是今后解决取暖用能问题的主要方向。     

污染物浓度与土壤粒径对热脱附修复DDTs污染土壤的影响

采集2种不同性质的土壤(黑土和棕壤)作为供试土壤,自配不同污染浓度(棕壤)和不同粒径(黑土)的DDT及其同系物(即DDTs,包括p,p′-DDT,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDE)污染土壤,采用热脱附方法,分别对300 ℃,5个停留时间(10,20,30,40和50 min)下的DDTs总去除率及热处理前后各组分的脱附情况进行研究.结果表明,不同污染水平〔w(DDTs)分别为290.17,498.69和718.69 mg/kg〕的污染土壤中,DDTs的总去除率差异不显著.此外,在整个热处理过程中,污染水平对4种DDT及其同系物在土壤中的去除率也没有显著影响.而土壤粒径(0.25～0.85 mm,0.15～＜0.25 mm,＜0.15 mm)对DDTs的去除率影响显著,粒径越大的土壤越有利于DDTs脱附.单因素方差结果显示,粒径对土壤中p,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDE的脱附和转化有显著影响.      

2007年火电行业温室气体排放量估算

为了解我国火电行业温室气体排放情况,参考《IPCC国家温室气体排放清单指南》中固定源燃烧温室气体排放量计算方法学部门方法的相关内容,利用实测的温室气体排放因子以及2007年火电行业活动水平数据,计算火电行业温室气体排放量. 排放因子测算及排放量计算过程均遵循IPCC关于温室气体排放计算的质量保证和质量控制内容. 结果表明,2007年我国火电行业CO₂与N₂O排放量分别为2.81×109和1.56×105 t.同时使用参考方法,利用国家级能源统计数据直接计算火电行业CO₂排放量.将部门方法与参考方法计算结果进行比对发现,原煤、原油和天然气燃烧温室气体排放量2种方法的相对偏差分别为7.5%,98.8%和1.6%,除原油外,原煤和天然气燃烧CO₂排放量与参考方法相差并不大.      

A Study of Computer-Based Task Performance Under Thermal Stress

A visual-visual dual computer task was designed to test the effect of the thermal environment on dual task performance. The temperatures selected for testing were 20 and 35 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). 34 volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 temperature conditions. Individual differences in single task performance were controlled by equating the baselines of single task performance. Once individual differences in single task capacity were controlled, statistically significant differences in performance were demonstrated. Mean accuracy was computed over a 1-hr testing period in each temperature condition. Participants’ mean accuracy in the 35° condition (38.18%) was substantially lower than in the 20° condition (50.88%).     

Effectiveness of a Light-Weight Ice-Vest for Body Cooling While Wearing Fire Fighter’s Protective Clothing in the Heat

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of wearing an ice-vest (ca 1 kg) on physiological and subjective responses in fire fighters. The experiments were carried out on a treadmill in a hot-dry environment. The physical cooling effect of the ice-vest was measured with a thermal manikin. The ice-vest effectively reduced skin temperatures under the vest. On average, heart rate was 10 beats/min lower, the amount of sweating was reduced by 13%, and subjective sensations of effort and warmth were lower during work with the ice-vest compared to work without it. Thermal manikin tests indicated that the useful energy available from the vest for body cooling was rather high (58%). In conclusion, the ice-vest reduces physiological and subjective strain responses during heavy work in the heat, and may promote efficient work time by 10%.     

Performance of Firefighters’ Protective Clothing After Heat Exposure

Heat and mechanical protection properties of 6 fabric combinations commonly used in firefighters’ protective clothing were assessed before and after different heat treatment. It was shown that after heat exposure, the values obtained were generally lower than in the original state. The mechanical properties of the materials were more affected by heat than by heat protective properties. In 2 cases, degradation started before a visible change in the material could be observed, which might be potentially dangerous for the end user who will not realize the alteration of the material.     

Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear

This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.