Projected Climate‐Induced Habitat Loss for Salmonids in the John Day River Network,Oregon, U.S.A.

Abstract: Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold‐water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold‐water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate‐driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate‐induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold‐water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69–95%, 51–87%, and 86–100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus.     

周期性风温下矿井巷道围岩换热教学实验装置研制

为开展矿井热害防治的实验教学,设计并搭建周期性风温作用下巷道非均质围岩换热实验装置,能直观展示高温围岩各岩层的温度变化.利用实验数据可计算出巷道壁面热流密度,进而定量估算巷道围岩的散热量.结果表明:周期性风温通过后,模拟巷道围岩体各处温度随时间也呈简谐波变化;对于非均质的围岩体,导热系数越大的岩层,周期性风温的调热能力...     

活性炭变温脱附高浓度VOCs的工艺参数优化与评价

以甲苯为VOCs类代表性的目标污染物,通过搭建实验装置模拟活性炭吸附脱附处理VOCs工艺,并在不同工艺条件下 (脱附温度、表观风速、高径比) ,选取常见评价因子 (甲苯脱附率、甲苯浓缩比、脱附能耗比) 以探讨不同脱附工况下气体对各床层的脱附情况进行研究。结果表明,甲苯脱附率随脱附温度和表观风速的增加而增加。甲苯浓缩比随脱附温度和高径比的增加,随表观风速的减小而增加,即表观风速是浓缩比的主要控制因素。在中温范围内,低风速、高径比的甲苯浓缩比小于高风速、高径比。在高温范围内,低风速、高径比的甲苯浓缩比仅在峰值段大于高风速、高径比。脱附温度越高,表观风速越小,高径比越大,相同脱附率下的甲苯浓缩比越大。脱附能耗比随脱附温度和表观风速的减小,高径比的增加而降低,即表观风速是能耗比的主要控制因素。高温低风速时的能耗比比中温高风速时的能耗比低。当脱附温度80 ℃、表观风速0.3 m·s⁻¹时,脱附能耗比最低为1.170 6 kJ·g⁻¹。本研究可为变温脱附工程化应用的低碳化工艺优化提供参考。     

电阻加热修复佳乐麝香污染土壤的工艺优化

佳乐麝香(Galaxolide,HHCB)是土壤中的一种新兴的半挥发性有机污染物,具有较高的毒性,需修复治理。电阻加热技术(electrical resistance heating,ERH)因加热均匀、效果好,逐渐被应用于有机污染土壤修复工程。采用自主研制的电阻加热装置,研究了加热过程中电场强度、土壤含水率和土壤粒径等因素对土壤HHCB去除效果的影响,并采用响应面法对工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明,土壤 HHCB去除率随电场强度和含水率的增大先增加后减小,随土壤粒径的增大而增大;在土壤含水率为40%、土壤粒径1~2 mm和电场强度12 V·cm⁻¹的条件下,加热6 h,HHCB去除效果最好,去除率达到了81.35%。通过响应曲面模拟优化得到的最佳工艺参数条件为,含水率39.07%、土壤粒径2.92 mm、电场强度12.64 V·cm⁻¹,在此条件下土壤HHCB的去除率为86.43%;在本实验条件下,3个因素对土壤HHCB去除率的影响为：含水率>土壤粒径>电场强度。本研究结果可为多环麝香污染土壤的修复提供参考。     

Multielement distribution in different plant organs∗

Different elements were found to accumulate at different levels at different parts of balsam plants. Results on multielement concentrations determined for plant foodstufffs of root, seed and leaf nature and As, Cr and Zn distributions along the stems and roots of balsam plant agree well with the above finding.     

Distribution of toxic and essential elements in various chicken organs

An instrumental neutron activation technique was applied to determine toxic, essential and other elements in various chicken organs namely; liver, heart, gizzard, breast and leg. The range, arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median were computed which indicate normal distribution pattern for Hg, Se, Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, Na, K and Cs in the five chicken organs. The concentration of Hg, Se, As, Fe, Zn and Mn in local chicken liver were also compared with the literature values. Dietary intake value for toxic and essential elements were also computed and compared with the recommended values.     

木镁基碳质吸附剂的制备及其性能

用木镁聚合物（PML）制备碳质吸附剂,探讨了影响产物吸附性能的主要制备因素。结果表明,当活化温度为400℃,磷料比为2：1和活化时间为2.5 h时,木镁基碳质吸附剂（MLCA）的吸附性能较好,其亚甲基蓝吸附值为142.5 mg/g,碘吸附值为946.43 mg/g。红外光谱分析表明,经过高温处理后,产物保持了PML的基本结构特征,而其比表面积由0.07 m2/g增大至642.38 m2/g。MLCA对染料亚甲基蓝的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

土壤直接热脱附过程中二恶英生成特性和抑制机理研究进展

基于已有热脱附技术和二恶英相关研究,综述了有机污染土壤直接热脱附修复过程中二恶英生成的工艺环节、影响因素及抑制二恶英生成的相关机理和措施。直接热脱附流程中可能存在二恶英产生的环节有：污染土壤中存在的二恶英通过加热发生脱附;加热时土壤中的有机污染物通过分子的解构和重组生成二恶英;尾气净化流程中各降温段通过非均相合成反应(包括前驱物反应和从头合成反应)生成二恶英。其次,热脱附工艺参数也会影响二恶英的生成,如加热温度、加热时间、载气流速、反应气氛等。再次,污染土壤中含有的金属化合物、水分、碳源会催化二恶英的生成。此外,场地污染特征对二恶英的产生也存在一定影响。而加入碱基、硫基、氮基或氮硫基阻滞剂则会抑制热脱附过程中二恶英的生成。最后,总结了目前热脱附过程中二恶英抑制研究面临的挑战,包括污染物化学转化机制不明、高效实用性阻滞剂的研发等,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

α-二羰基化合物的结构-致突活性关系

采用ＡＭ１方法计算了６个α－二羰基化合物与ＤＮＡ碱基岛嘌呤环外Ｎ＾２发生紊电加成反应的速率控制步骤的活化能及分子结构和电子结构。研究其结构－知必凶线性回归结果表明;可用烷化反应活化能、ＬＵＭＯ能量、分子量表面积比和羰基面原子的正电性表示化合物的致突活性指数,获得很好的回归效果（Ｌ顺归系数Ｒ＝０．９９９８）。以本文提出的方程对这些化合物的估性进行计算,秘得到的结果与实验结果吻合得很好。     

GC/MS法测定大气中挥发性有机污染物

介绍了用ＧＣ／ＭＳ法分析大气中挥发性有机污染物。以８种苯系物为试剂进行试验,结果表明：相对标准偏差小于９％,回收率大于９５％;当采样量为１０Ｌ时,８种苯系物的最低检出质量浓度均低于２μｇ／ｍ＾３。