广东火电厂排放的大气污染物分布特征

随着电力需求的急剧增长,火电厂排放的气态污染物成为大气污染的一个重要来源。本文估算了广东省2003年火电厂二氧化碳、多环芳烃和二恶英类的排放量,并引入经济、人口和区域面积进行空间分析。结果表明,广东省2003年火电厂共排放二氧化碳31 14.17万t,多环芳烃8 035.61 kg,二恶英11.46 g毒性当量;火电厂单位面积、人均、单位GDP二氧化碳排放量变化范围分别是0-2 102 t/km20、-3 417 kg/人和0-98 g/元;珠三角地区火电厂这三类大气污染物排放量占广东省排放总量的70%以上;珠三角火电厂单位GDP二氧化碳排放量低于全省平均水平。     

碱熔-氟离子选择性电极法测定土壤氟含量

用碱熔法处理3个土壤样品,采取不同澄清时间的上清液及过滤后的沉淀物分析土壤氟含量。结果表明,上清液中氟含量测值随着澄清时间的延长而增加,24 h内增加迅速,而后增速趋缓,58 h后基本达到平衡。3个样品澄清平衡后的测值比澄清10 h的测值分别增加了39.4%、21.8%和27.8%。综合澄清平衡后的上清液及沉淀物得到的土壤氟含量测值比高温热水解法的测值仍然分别偏低0.48%、6.17%和11.88%,这是由于溶液中阳离子的存在使氟离子活度降低造成的。采用传统的碱熔法和高温热水解法分别研究了27个土壤样品的氟含量,碱熔法测值与高温热水解法测值相比普遍偏低,相对偏低在4.23%~34.82%之间,平均相对偏低19.12%。     

PN/A-颗粒污泥工艺处理热水解污泥消化液

本研究构建了基于一体式厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥及絮体污泥的部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)脱氮处理系统,通过运行参数优化调控实现了热水解污泥消化液的高效脱氮.试验结果表明,通过接种厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)生物膜污泥与普通活性污泥、控制高游离氨(FA)(>20mg/L)和限制曝气(DO≤0.2mg/L)等运行条件,能够快速构建短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应,亚硝酸盐积累率可达85%以上,脱氮负荷达到0.60kgN/(m³·d).稀释后的热水解污泥消化液仍对AnAOB活性具有一定的抑制作用,导致反应器总氮负荷降至0.20kgN/(m³·d)以下;但系统内AnAOB丰度总体呈增加趋势,说明AnAOB的增殖未受到完全抑制.系统内混合污泥的平均中位径由53μm缓慢增长至109μm.定量PCR数据及高通量分析显示,该处理系统富集了较高纯度的An AOB,最大丰度占比可达8.06%,其优势菌属为Kuenenia菌属.此外,在第93运行周期下Kuenenia菌属在颗粒污泥的丰度占比大于AOB,为5.26%;絮体污泥中具有亚硝化效果的单胞菌属Nitrosomona...     

土壤残留塑料的热降解脱附研究

针对土壤的塑料污染问题,提出一种采用热脱附降解技术修复污染土壤的方法.选取4种土壤中常见的残留塑料(聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚丙烯(PP))为研究对象,通过控制热解温度和土壤含水率对各污染土壤的修复效果进行探究.实验结果表明:在500℃的最佳热解温度下处理60 min,PE、P...     

挥发性有机化合物催化氧化催化剂的制备和性能研究

研制出用于催化氧化废气中挥发性有机化合物（ＶＯＣ）的非贵金属氧化物催化剂,在固定床上,处理含醋酸丁酯的模拟气,考察了空速、浓度等因素对催化剂活性的影响及催化剂的耐热性能,当空速为５０００ｈ＾－１,进气温度为２２０℃、醋酸丁酯质量浓度为２．４～５．８ｇ／ｍ＾２时,醋酸丁酯的去除率〉９８％,而且该催化剂人具有较高的热稳定性。     

GC/MS法测定大气中挥发性有机污染物

介绍了用ＧＣ／ＭＳ法分析大气中挥发性有机污染物。以８种苯系物为试剂进行试验,结果表明：相对标准偏差小于９％,回收率大于９５％;当采样量为１０Ｌ时,８种苯系物的最低检出质量浓度均低于２μｇ／ｍ＾３。     

Long-Term Monitoring of Scots Pine Litter Decomposition Rates Throughout Sweden Indicates Formation of a More Recalcitrant Litter in the South

Decomposition studies were carried out at sites throughout Sweden, including the four Integrated Monitoring sites. Scots pine needle litterbag weight loss measurements over 3 or 5 years were determined at 26 sites and repeated up to 27 times, depending on the site. Humus layer respiration rates were determined for 20 sites in 1987–1989 and repeated in 2007–2008. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was used to elucidate the relative importance of climatic and soil factors. Annual needle weight losses decreased only slowly (20–10%) over 3–5 years for all northern (>60°N) sites but decreased sharply from 30 to 10% in the third year in southern (<60°N) sites. Respiration rates of southern sites were less (40% on average) than those of northern sites. Humus layer N was positively correlated to needle weight loss during the first and the second years, but negatively correlated in the third year and to respiration rates. The results indicated that litter formed in southern Sweden became more recalcitrant in later stages of decomposition compared to litter produced in northern Sweden.     

风机变频改造及自动切换功能的应用

火电厂既是电能生产企业,也是耗能大户,要提高电厂综合效益,必须降低厂用电率和发电煤耗。电厂辅机出力为长期连续运行并常常处于变负荷运行状态,送、引风机作为主要辅机,采用控制风机挡板的开度来调节出力,而作为电动机消耗的能量变化则不大,造成较大能量损耗,直接影响到厂用电率。改为变频调节后,通过改变电机转速控制出力,实现调整需要,达到节电目的。     

热处理和pH调节协同作用下污泥调质过程研究

采用单因素实验和正交实验相结合的方式,考察了不同实验条件参数（温度、pH和反应时间）下,热处理和pH调节对污泥细胞溶出过程的影响。结果表明,污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）与反应温度、溶液pH、反应时间成正相关,其中pH对SCOD的影响最为显著,反应时间对其影响最小。污泥溶胞的最优条件：反应温度120℃,pH=11,反应时间为15 min,经过处理,SCOD可达14 810 mg/L,与总化学需氧量（TCOD）之比为49.29%,总有机碳（TOC）达4 560 mg/L,总氮（TN）则增加27%,总悬浮固体（TSS）和挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）去除率分别达22.85%和40.93%。热碱处理后污泥上清液分子量分布（MWD）状况结果显示：〉1 000 KDa MW物质含量随pH和温度的增加而增加,当pH=11时,该部分物质可从原污泥的20.94%增加到31.70%;当温度为120℃时,该部分物质可达49.83%。     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.