Thermal performance of ice-making machine with a multi-channel evaporator

An experimental investigation is presented in this paper on the vapor compression refrigeration cycle used in an ice-making machine with a multi-channel evaporator. To study the operation performance of the refrigeration system in the ice-making machine, the fluid temperature distribution in multi-channel evaporating coils are tested and the dynamic variations in each cooling loop are investigated during the ice-generating phase. The results show that the external cooling loops have the largest temperature fluctuations caused by the large initial refrigerant injecting mass flow and the external environmental disturbances. For the inner cooling loops, the related temperature profiles of different test points have relative stable variations. To reduce the temperature fluctuations of the outside loops, it is suggested to reduce the initial refrigerant mass flow and adjust the initial opening of the thermal expansion valve. Moreover, it is the normal phenomenon for the slight temperature variations for the temperature curves of different test points, caused by the adjustment of thermal expansion valve. During the ice-making process, both the sensible heat removal phase and latent heat removal phase are experienced successively. To remove the sensible heat of water, the refrigerant system is operating in high efficiency with test points having a rapid linear temperature reduction. While for eliminating the latent heat of ice, it requires much more power supply, the relating test points have a temperature decrease with fluctuations. To improve the operation performance of ice machine, some suggestions and improvements are proposed.     

景区典型树种的热解特性及动力学研究

为了研究山林或景区中不同植物的热稳定性,选取了景区种植数量较多的6种典型树种:女贞、枇杷、竹子、松树、柏树和法桐的枝干和叶作为样品。借助同步热分析仪,在温升速率20℃/min的条件下,对未经干燥处理的样品进行热解特性及热解反应动力学研究。通过TG、DTG以及DSC曲线分析各样品的热解过程,并采用分阶段一级反应动力学模型Coats-Redfern法求得相应参数。研究结果表明:所取样品的热解过程都出现4个明显的热解阶段,即脱水阶段、综纤维素热解阶段、木质素热分解阶段、炭化阶段。根据6个树种的主要热解阶段和动力学分析,6种树种的热稳定性从低到高顺序依次为竹子、女贞、枇杷、法桐、柏树、松树。     

坝体动力抗震及尾矿动力特性分析

为研究尾矿坝的动力抗震特性以及为抗震措施提供理论指导,以四川某尾矿库为例,分析了该尾矿坝在EI Centro地震波、汶川地震波和人工地震波作用下的位移、加速度、液化、安全系数的动力响应特性。采用GDS动三轴仪对该尾矿库的3种典型尾矿进行动力实验,研究结果表明:随着动剪应变幅的增大动剪切模量比逐渐减小,阻尼比逐渐增大;3种尾矿的动压缩弹性模量的倒数与动轴向弹性应变之间的关系为直线关系,在双对数坐标系中,平均有效应力与动剪切弹性模量的关系为直线关系;尾粉质黏土抗液化强度较低,应优化尾矿排放工艺使其尽量沉积到库尾。     

矿井通风系统稳定性SD预测仿真分析

为了建立矿井通风系统稳定性水平评价体系,以常村煤矿为研究背景,结合常村煤矿多风井、大风量、高瓦斯等特点,从技术、安全、经济角度建立一系列完整的评价指标体系,利用层次分析法确立指标权重,并结合属性数学理论形成通风系统稳定性综合评价模型,通过构建的模型对其进行综合评价。以通风系统综合评价为基础,从系统动力学角度,对常村煤矿未来2 a的通风系统稳定性水平进行仿真预测,总结其动态变化规律。研究结果表明:通风系统总体稳定性评价结果为良好,属于较稳定水平。常村煤矿通风系统稳定性水平在未来2 a内随着安全投入的增加呈总体增加趋势,但随着矿山通风系统稳定性水平的逐渐增加,稳定性增长速率将会减小。     

矿井通风热阻力数值模拟研究

矿井风流流经井下热水、干热岩、火灾地点等局部高温区域时,风流吸收热量使其内能增加,高温风流在巷道内流动时会产生热阻力。针对如何确定井下风流加热流动时巷道内热阻力的实测范围这一问题,通过理论推导与数值模拟的方法对巷道内热阻力分布情况进行分析。由压力场的模拟结果得出风流加热流动时,所产生的热阻力不仅存在于加热区,高温风流向加热区下风侧流动时热阻力仍然存在。模拟结果表明:对于水平等截面管道,风流流经加热区时,风流速压增加,加热区内风流的静压降幅大于全压降幅;流出加热区的风流向管道出口处流动时,高温风流不断克服阻力做功,并与管道内的新鲜风流、壁面进行热交换,风流温度逐渐下降,当测定区间为加热区入口至模拟管道出口时,风流的静压降幅与全压降幅近似相等。研究结果对井下巷道、隧道及实际工程应用中热阻力的分析与研究都具有重要价值。     

归州河西沿江高切坡变形破坏及稳定性分析

为了掌握归州河以西沿江公路由于升级改造、工程开挖而产生的大量公路高切坡发育分布特征,总结其变形破坏模式,进而对其稳定性进行分析。在野外实地宏观调查、测量的基础上,通过数据处理,运用赤平投影法对调查区高切坡稳定性进行区划,其中不稳定切坡长约3.8km,占比39.6%,多发育在侏罗系遂宁组(J3s)和聂家山组(J1n)中,主要变形破坏模式为滑移型、倾倒型和剥落型,并根据其破坏模式的差异性提出相应防治对策。     

热等离子体技术在树脂废气处理中的应用

采用热等离子体技术处理佛山三水力泉树脂制品有限公司生产过程中产生的甲醇、甲苯等有机废气(反应器使用二箱蓄热式反应器),有效利用了VOCs废气焚烧产生的余热,废气经处理后,转化为CO、CO_2和H_2O等小分子气体。经第三方检测机构监测,甲苯平均去除率达到95.7%,VOCs总烃的平均去除率达到93.1%,其排放浓度达GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》的要求。采用热等离子体技术处理树脂生产过程中产生的有机废气,年运行费用在15.7万元左右。     

改进的模糊层次分析法在采动滑坡稳定性影响因素评价中的应用

采动滑坡是山区煤矿开采沉陷诱发的最为严重的一种非连续滑动破坏形式。为了对采动滑坡的稳定性进行评价,在常规层次分析法求解权重的基础上,通过对判断矩阵构造过程的改进避免了一致性检验,建立了改进的模糊层次分析模型,并以马桑湾滑坡为例,在分析采动滑坡稳定性主要影响因素的基础上,建立了采动滑坡稳定性影响因素评价指标递阶层次结构,应用改进的模糊层次分析法对该采动滑坡稳定性影响因素进行了重要性排序,其排序结果与现场实际相符合,证明了该方法的可行性。该研究结果对采动滑坡预防和治理具有重要的工程意义。     

Does the improved stability offered by motorcycle antilock brakes (ABS) make sliding crashes less common? In-depth analysis of fatal crashes involving motorcycles fitted with ABS

Objective: This research investigated the following issue. Though several tests indicate that motorcycle ABS may increase motorcycle stability, thus reducing the risk of a sliding crash involving braking (i.e., the rider is separated from the motorcycle and slides along the road surface prior to collision), there is limited research showing to what extent sliding crashes are reduced by ABS in real-life conditions.

Methods: The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) carry out in-depth studies for all road fatalities. A total of 38 in-depth studies with ABS motorcycles were included: 22 in Sweden and 16 in Norway (2005–2014). These were compared with 98 cases in Sweden and 32 in Norway involving motorcycles of the same types but without ABS. The data sets were analyzed separately and also merged together. The difference between the proportions of sliding crashes regardless braking was analyzed; selective recruitment was handled with a sensitivity analysis. Induced exposure was used to calculate the reduction of all crashes and those involving braking.

Results: Four ABS cases (11%) involved falling off the motorcycle prior to collision, and 35% of the non-ABS crashes were sliding (P =.004). The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable, with a relative difference of sliding crashes ranging between 65 and 78%.

None of the 4 sliding crashes with ABS occurred during braking; that is, all ABS riders who braked prior to collision crashed in an upright position. In the 4 sliding cases with ABS, the riders lost control of their motorcycles: 2 while accelerating on asphalt with very poor friction, 1 while negotiating a curve with an excessive lean angle, and 1 by abruptly releasing the throttle in the middle of a curve.

Although based on a limited number of cases, the distributions of sliding and upright collisions among crashes without braking were similar, thus suggesting that the crash posture would not be affected by ABS if no braking occurred. The calculations with induced exposure showed that upright crashes with braking were also reduced by ABS; all fatal crashes, regardless of braking, were reduced by 52%.

Conclusions: Though this research was based on a limited material, it confirmed that sliding fatal crashes are significantly decreased by ABS. Considering that ABS will soon be mandatory in the European Union on all new motorcycles with engine displacement over 125cc, these findings should be taken into account in the future design and testing of motorcycle-friendly road barriers and integrated protection systems.     

玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的应用研究

针对当前多发的隧道火灾,探讨玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的可行性。通过有限元计算分析,对设置玻化微珠保温砂浆隔热层的隧道衬砌结构防火性能进行研究,同时对不同火灾规模下隧道温度场的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明玻化微珠保温砂浆可以很好地阻止热量的入侵,初步验证了其在隧道防火应用的可行性,可为后续隧道防火设计及相关研究提供参考。