温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志,它直接影响堆肥反应速率,是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器,在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度,计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明,当反应条件为生活垃圾∶成熟堆肥=80∶20,有机物约为60%,初始含水率为55%,初始C/N比为25,堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时,能加速高温菌繁殖,从而加快垃圾分解速度,大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

Regulatory Oversight of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms: Has Regulation Inhibited Innovation?

/ Using detailed interviews with company representatives and researchers in the field, this paper examines the factors that might account for the slow pace of development of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) intended for environmental release. We specifically analyzed the role of the regulatory system in shaping innovation. We identified at least two cases where industry decided to discontinue the development of a genetically engineered microbial product because of concerns over regulatory oversight. However, most often industry decisions to continue or halt development of GEMs were based on an evaluation of the particular product's efficacy and potential for profitability. Thus the inability of GEMs to perform up to expectations in the field, rather than the regulatory constraints, appears to be the factor responsible for the slow pace of development. KEY WORDS: Genetically engineered microorganisms; Biotechnology; Regulation of biotechnology; Innovation; Environmental release     

Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading plastics, the populations of poly(-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)-and poly(-caprolactone)(PCL)-degrading aerobic microorganisms and their ratios to the total number of microorganisms in soil samples were estimated by the plate count method with agar medium containing emulsified PHB or PCL. The numbers of the degrading microorganisms were determined by counting colonies that formed clear zones on the plate. It was found that PHB- and PCL-degrading (depolymerizing) microorganisms are distributed over many kinds of material, including landfill leachate, compost, sewage sludge, forest soil, farm soil, paddy soil, weed field soil, roadside sand, and pond sediment. Of total colony counts, the percentages of PHB and PCL degrading microorganisms were 0.2–11.4 and 0.8–11.0%, respectively. The results suggest that many kinds of degrading microorganisms are present in each environment and that specific consortia differing in biodegradation capacity are constructed.     

Influence of biomass density and food to microorganisms ratio on the mixed culture type I methanotrophs enriched from activated sludge

Methanotrophic based process can be the remedy to offset the wastewater treatment facilities increasing energy requirements due to methanotroph's unique ability to integrate methane assimilation with multiple biotechnological applications like biological nitrogen removal and methanol production. Regardless of the methanotrophic process end product, the challenge to maintain stable microbial growth in the methanotrophs cultivation bioreactor at higher cell densities is one of the major obstacles facing the process upscaling. Therefore, a series of consecutive batch tests were performed to attentively investigate the biomass density influence on type I methanotrophs bacterial growth. In addition, food to microorganisms(F/M), carbon to nitrogen(C/N) and nitrogen to microorganisms(N/M) ratio effect on the microbial activity was studied for the first time. It was clarified that the F/M ratio is the most influencing factor on the microbial growth at higher biomass densities rather than the biomass density increase, whereas C/N and N/M ratio change, while using nitrate as the nitrogen source,does not influence methanotrophs microbial growth. These study results would facilitate the scaling up of methanotrophic based biotechnology by identifying that F/M ratio as the key parameter that influences methanotrophs cultivation at high biomass densities.     

固定化微生物对河水的脱氮效果研究

研究了不同方法制作的固定化微生物颗粒对于河水的脱氮效果,实验证明,采用聚乙烯醇-活性炭包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅠ)与聚乙烯醇-聚乙二醇包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅡ)的脱氮效果较好,但由于包埋材料在河水中的溶出造成COD急剧升高,会对河水造成二次污染.利用载体结合法制作的固定化微生物(IMPⅢ)进行5个周期的河水净化实验,结果发现,COD的去除率维持在75%～95%,氨氮的去除率为45%～95%,硝酸盐氮的去除率维持在95%～100%,亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为70%～99%,总氮的去除率保持在55%～80%.研究表明,载体结合法制作的固定化微生物颗粒稳定性好、强度高、微生物活性良好,颗粒可多次重复使用,在河水净化方面有良好的应用前景.     

洁净环境样本低浓度微生物高效富集检测及应用

为了研究对洁净环境样本的低浓度微生物监测方法,制备了低浓度的革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌各3种,使用修饰后的新型磁珠对模拟样本中的微生物进行富集评价实验.革兰氏染色和菌落计数结果表明,磁珠对3种革兰氏阳性菌和3种阴性菌均具有显著富集浓缩作用,与大肠杆菌相比,磁珠对金黄色葡萄菌的富集浓缩比更高.使用磁珠富集液对自来水、桶装水和瓶装矿泉水中的微生物进行非特异性吸附后,比较上清和磁珠-微生物复合物的细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数和菌落总数指标,结果表明磁珠对自来水和桶装水中的微生物均具有显著的吸附效果（P<0.01,P<0.001）.通过比较,抽滤法和磁珠法对自来水中的微生物富集效果有差异（P=0.002）,2种方法对桶装水和矿泉水的富集效果无显著差异（P=0.362）.采集实际空气样本进行磁珠富集微生物的菌落计数及细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数进行分析,磁珠-微生物复合物中的绝对基因拷贝数和菌落总数均显著高于磁分离后上清液中基因拷贝数和菌落计数（P=0.0001）.此方法对微生物具有一定的高效富集作用.     

不同温度下高温好氧消化工艺的溶氧特性

为探索ATAD(自热式高温好氧消化)污泥系统中ρ(DO)及其对污泥稳定化的影响,分别考察了在不同消化温度下不同成分污泥(初沉泥、二沉泥和混合泥)的E_h(氧化还原电位)、污泥溶胞效果和污泥稳定化效果. 结果表明:在消化的24 d中,尽管曝气充足,但消化前期E_h仍处于0 mV以下,并且随着消化时间的延长,E_h逐渐升至0 mV以上,说明ATAD工艺系统并不是全程好氧状态,消化前期处于兼氧或厌氧状态,后期才呈好氧状态. 65 ℃下容易使细胞破裂发生分解,污泥上清液中ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为可溶性化学需氧量)和ρ(TP)维持较高值,至消化结束时,ρ(SCOD)仍高达13 708 mg/L,ρ(TP)为126.4 mg/L,ρ(PO₄3+-P)为106 mg/L. 尽管消化前期E_h较低,但在15 d时VSS去除率仍超过38%,满足US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)A级污泥VSS去除率的标准. 消化初期的兼氧和厌氧状态没有减缓污泥达到稳定化,因此在合适范围内减少曝气量有利于ATAD工艺的工程化应用.      

厦门冬季PM_（2.5）颗粒物中细菌和真核微型生物群落组成及其来源分析

近年来由于雾霾事件频发,有关细颗粒物PM2.5的来源、组成及迁移转化规律已经引起了人们的广泛关注,然而对于PM2.5颗粒物中微生物的组成和来源还知之甚少。本文应用T–RFLP、克隆文库和测序方法研究厦门2012年冬季PM2.5颗粒物中细菌和真核微型生物的群落组成,并分析其潜在的来源环境。研究结果表明：与克隆文库方法相比,T–RFLP分析所得的物种数量（TRF峰）相对较多,说明T–RFLP是快速、灵敏分析空气微生物群落特征的高效手段之一。T–RFLP和克隆文库结果表明,PM2.5颗粒物中细菌和真核微型生物群落多样性较高,其中2%的细菌16S rRNA基因和42%的真核微型生物18S rRNA基因序列与已知序列的相似度低于97%。分类分析表明,Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria是PM2.5颗粒物细菌的主要类群,其相对丰度分别为2.91%、10.68%、41.75%和44.66%;Stramenopiles、Alveolata、Metazoa、Fungi和Viridiplantae是PM2.5颗粒物真核微型生物的主要类群,其相对丰度分别为5%、7%、15%、20%和39%。然而,尚有14%的真核微型生物18S rRNA基因序列未能分类到已知门类,说明气溶胶真核微型生物方面的研究尚存在较大空白。与文献对比分析表明,厦门城区空气微生物的动态性较强,环境来源多变。环境来源分析表明,厦门虽然属于典型海滨城市,但其空气微生物的重要环境源可能为淡水,其次是土壤、水体沉积物、污水系统和动物粪便等。而季节性气团输送可能是厦门冬季气溶胶微生物多来源于淡水的原因之一。