秸秆还田配施化肥及微生物菌剂对水田土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响

土壤微生物学特性是表征土壤质量的重要生物学指标。通过田间试验研究了秸秆还田配施不同配比化肥及微生物菌剂对水田土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响。结果表明,与单施秸秆相比,秸秆还田配施N、P、K及微生物菌剂后,土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和尿酶活性分别提高了37.5%~68.8%、32.3%~61.5%和48.8%~102%,细菌和真菌数量分别提高了95.3%~174%、286%~351%,放线菌数量减少了34.5%~39.4%,差异显著。统计分析显示,土壤过氧化氢酶与尿酶活性之间及其酶活性与微生物数量之间关系密切。氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量主要控制土壤过氧化氢酶活性,真菌数量是转化酶活性的主要影响因素,而尿酶活性主要受细菌数量影响。秸秆还田配施微生物菌剂及平衡施肥可以促进酶活性的增强,使土壤微生物群落物种个体数增加更多,分布更为均匀。过量施用氮肥会抑制土壤酶活性和微生物的生长和繁殖。     

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

基于活性微生物特征的供水管壁生物膜生长特性

管网生物膜由各种活性微生物、微生物残体及有机无机杂质组成,管网生物膜的生长会导致机会致病菌寄居、管道腐蚀以及水质恶化等系列饮用水卫生问题.为研究供水管壁生物膜形成过程和附着生长活性微生物的分布特征,采用异养菌平板计数(HPC)、流式细胞术(FCM)和16S rRNA高通量测序对3种典型室内供水管材:聚氯乙烯(PVC)、无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)、不锈钢(STS)内壁活性微生物的生长特性和群落多样性进行了分析.结果表明,PVC管壁生物量在第73 d最先达到峰值,3种管材内壁单位面积最大生物量、生物膜成熟时期生物量均呈现PVC PPR STS的规律. 3种管材表面活性细菌群落结构组成上,PVC管表面主要以硝化螺旋菌门为主,PPR和STS管以疣微菌门为主,其中STS管壁上生物膜物种丰富度最低、多样性最小,群落结构最简单. PVC和PPR管内壁表面相较STS管存在更多的蓝藻细菌和放线菌,在饮用水输配过程中更易引发饮用水嗅味问题.管材介质对管壁生物膜上微生物群落结构存在一定影响.     

抗生素对微生物的联合与低剂量毒性研究进展

目前抗生素已成为一类不可忽视的环境污染物,它在环境中呈"混合-持久-低剂量"的暴露特征。因此,研究抗生素毒性效应,特别是它的联合毒性以及低剂量下毒性兴奋效应,对抗生素污染物生态风险的评价极其重要。以抗生素联合毒性的研究进展为主线,重点概述了抗生素二元混合物的急性和慢性联合毒性研究,指出了抗生素混合物间存在相互作用,它们的联合毒性并非表现为简单的加和或独立效应,且抗生素急性-慢性联合表现出的毒性效应也存在差异;发现了不仅单一抗生素具有Hormesis效应,低剂量抗生素二元混合物也具有Hormesis作用。但目前低剂量抗生素二元混合物对微生物的毒性兴奋效应研究较少,其毒性兴奋效应的预测和评价还有待进一步完善,以期为环境中抗生素的联合生态研究和风险评价提供理论依据。     

Aspects of Tests and Assessment of Filtering Materials Used for Respiratory Protection Against Bioaerosols. Part I: Type of Active Substance,Contact Time,Microorganism Species

This paper presents the results of a study on antimicrobial activity of polymer filter nonwovens produced by needle-punching or melt-blowing with an addition of disinfecting agents. The first part of the paper discusses how the biocidal activity of nonwovens is a function of the active agent added to the nonwovens, the duration of the contact of microorganisms with nonwovens and the type of microorganisms. The types of fibres and disinfecting agents had a considerable effect on the biocidal activity of nonwovens. The biocidal effect of nonwovens increased with the duration of their contact with microorganisms. Fibre activity differed considerably depending on the species of the microorganism. The microorganisms most sensitive to biocidal activity of the active filter nonwoven were S. aureus, M. flavus and E. coli. There were no biocidal effects on spore-forming bacterium B. subtilis.     

Microbial detoxification of metalaxyl in aquatic system

Four microorganisms, Pseudomonas sp. （ER2）, Aspergillus niger （ER6）, Cladosporium herbarum （ER4） and Penicilluim sp. （ER3）, were isolated from cucumber leaves previously treated with metalaxyl using enrichment technique. These isolates were evaluated for detoxification of metalaxyl at the recommended dose level in aquatic system. The effect of pH and temperature on the growth ability of the tested isolates was also investigated by measuring the intracellular protein and mycelia dry weight for bacterial and fungal isolates, respectively. Moreover, the toxicity of metalaxyl after 28 d of treatment with the tested isolates was evaluated to confirm the complete removal of any toxic materials （metalaxyl and its metabolites）. The results showed that the optimum degree pH for the growth of metalaxyl degrading isolates （bacterial and fungal isolates） was 7. The temperature 30℃ appeared to be the optimum degree for the growth of either fungal or bacterial isolates. The results showed that Pseudomonas sp. （ER2） was the most effective isolate in metalaxyl degradation followed by Aspergillus niger （ER6）, Cladosporium herbarum （ER4） and Penicilluim sp. （ER3）, respectively. There is no toxicity of metalaxyl detected in the supematant after 28 d of treatment with Pseudomonas sp. （ER2）. The results suggest that bioremediation by Pseudomonas sp. （ER2） isolate was considered to be effective method for detoxification of metalaxyl in aqueous media.     

高温厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水的启动

以除油后的实际餐厨废水为原料,在高温（50±1）℃条件下利用浸没式纤维膜生物反应器（AnMBR）进行连续厌氧消化试验,以水力停留时间（HRT）20d启动,HRT 15d运行,直到发生膜污染,试验共进行了50d.研究了反应器启动和运行期间的发酵特性和膜过滤性能.研究表明,反应器30d完成了启动,在HRT 15d条件下,甲烷产量达到578L/kgVS_in,COD和挥发性固体（VS）去除率均达到94%以上,膜出水总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度为（103±77） mg/L,其中乙酸浓度为（98±28） mg/L.系统pH 8.26,具有良好的稳定性.膜通量设定为9L/（m²·h）,运行30d后发生了明显的膜污染,伴随着反应器内挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）浓度由8.1g/L逐渐增加到18/L.在处理高浓度餐厨废水时,AnMBR可以短时间启动且在8.5kgCOD/（m³·d）的高负荷条件下稳定运行,反应器中污泥浓度和溶解性微生物产物的增加导致膜过滤性能下降是导致膜污染的主要因素.     

New insights into different surfactants’ impacts on sludge fermentation: Focusing on the particular metabolic processes and microbial genetic traits

• The promoting effects for VFA generation follow the order of APG>SDBS>HTAB. • Surfactants improve the WAS solubilization/hydrolysis and acidification processes. • The VFA promotion is associated with surfactants’ distinctive characteristics. • Surfactants induce the enrichment of functional bacteria for VFA biosynthesis. • The vital genes for substrates delivery, metabolism, and VFA yields are upregulated. Surfactants were expected to exhibit positive effects on the waste activated sludge (WAS) disposal. However, the systematic comparison of different categories of surfactants on the WAS fermentation and the functional mechanisms, especially microbial metabolic traits, have not yet been precisely explored. This study revealed the positive effects of different surfactants on the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, which followed the order of alkyl polysaccharides (APG)>sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)>hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB). Mechanistic exploration found that the presence of different surfactants improved solubilization and hydrolysis steps, and then contributed to the subsequent acidification with different efficiencies. The functional microorganisms associated with VFA generation were enriched in surfactant-conditioned reactors. Metagenomic analysis further indicated that the key genes involved in the particular process of VFA generation were over-expressed. The simultaneous bioavailable substrate improvement, functional bacterial enrichment, and metabolic activity upregulation induced by different surfactants jointly contributed to VFA promotion during WAS fermentation. This study could provide a comprehensive realization of surfactants’ impacts on the WAS fermentation process, and more importantly, it reminded the public to discern the distinct interplaying effects induced by different chemicals in regulating the WAS disposal and resource recovery.     

Biodegradation of azo dyes by genetically engineered azoreductase

A azoreductase gene with 537 bp was obtained by PCR amplification from Rhodobacter sphaeroides ASI. 1737. The enzyme,with a molecular weight of 18.7 kD, was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli and its biodegradation characteristics for azo dyes were investigated. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and mechanism of azo dyes catalyzed by the genetically engineered azoreductase were studied in detail. The presence of a hydrazo-intermediate was identified, which provided a convincing evidence for the assumption that azo dyes were degraded via an incomplete reduction stage.     

高活性絮凝剂产生菌群的构建、培养及应用研究

从筛选到的絮凝剂产生菌中构建出能比单一菌群产生更高絮凝活性的复合菌群——复合菌群1（BAFRT4＋CYGS1）．为降低复合菌群1的培养成本,尝试用啤酒废水替代葡萄糖作为培养基中的碳源和能源并获得成功．在优化培养条件下,复合菌群1所产MBF的絮凝活性达96.8％．复合菌群1所产MBF对靛蓝印染废水有良好的处理效果,最大CODCr去除率和脱色率分别达79．2％和87．6％．