循环流化床锅炉局部磨损问题及控制

对循环流化床锅炉(以下简称CFBB)局部磨损的机理进行了分析，总结了几种控制防磨措施，为CFBB正常维护提出了几点建议。     

小兴安岭毛赤杨沼泽CH4、N2O排放规律及其对人为干扰的响应

选择小兴安岭山区毛赤杨（Alnus sibirica）沼泽为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究两个生长季内（2007年和2008年）沼泽湿地在自然状态下CH4、N2O排放通量的变化规律及其主要影响因素,以及在不同采伐干扰（皆伐、45%择伐）方式下,CH4和N2O排放通量的变化过程.结果表明,2007年CH4和N2O平均排放通量分别为1.03 mg·m-2·h-1和58.56μg·m-2·h-1,2008年分别为20.57 mg·m-2·h-1和17.41 μg·m-2·h-1; CH4排放高峰期均发生在夏、秋两季,N2O排放规律不明显.皆伐沼泽和45%择伐沼泽CH4平均排放量分别为597.06、237.05 μg·m-2·h-1,N2O平均排放量分别为35.84、114.51μg·m-2·h-1;与天然沼泽相比,CH4排放量明显下降,N2O排放通量明显升高.水位是CH4排放的主要影响因子,但当水位达到一定高度时不再成为限制因子,土壤温度与CH4排放相关性显著,相对较低水位与相对较高土壤温度有利于N2O排放;积水水位是影响沼泽不同年份CH4和N2O通量排放差异的主要影响因子,采伐引起的土壤温度和水位的变化是干扰地与对照地CH4和N2O排放产生差异的主要原因.     

切割刃料碳化硅的再生处理工艺研究

采用化学反应除杂和水力沉降粒度重新分级的方法,通过酸洗、碱洗、水力分级、pH值调节、干燥、配料等一系列处理工艺,对废砂浆中的碳化硅进行再生处理,得到的再生切割刃料各项性能指标满足切割工业使用要求,实现了资源再利用和循环发展.     

Vegetation succession and lichen diversity on dry coastal calcium-poor dunes and the impact of management experiments

The negative impact of grass and moss encroachment on the botanical diversity of West European coastal dunes attracted increasing attention in the 1990s. This paper focuses on moss encroachment during primary succession in the xeroseries. Until the mid-1970s, vegetation types rich in species of the lichen generaCladonia andCladina were found on the fixed,Corynephorus canescens-dominated, so-called grey dunes all over the island of Terschelling, The Netherlands. In addition, species ofHypogymnia, Parmelia andUsnea, which usually grow on trees, occurred here terrestrially on moss carpets or bare sand. These vegetation types are still present on the Noordsvaarder, a nature reserve in the western part of the island. They occur on parts of seven dune ridges parallel to the coast and form a chronosequence in which age increases with distance from the sea. Our study found the highest lichen diversity on the second and third dune ridges in a stage of primary succession that can be assigned to theViolo-Corynephoretum. The changes from lichen-rich to moss-dominated stadia were significantly related to soil development and acidification in connection with the ageing of the dune soil. The superficial cutting of sods in moss-encroached vegetation appeared to be unsuccessful as a management technique for restoring the biodiversity of cryptogams. Our findings suggest that the best option for maintaining lichen vegetation in theViolo-Corynephoretum is the blow-in of sand with a subneutral or neutral pH from reactivated and natural blowouts or from foredunes, with increasing lime content respectively.     

皆伐作业对林地土壤因子的影响

对福建省永安市元沙林业采育场杉阔混交人工林林地皆伐作业前后土壤理化性质变化进行试验研究.结果表明,皆伐作业使林地土壤许多理化性质发生改变.皆伐导致土壤容重增大0.13 g·cm-3,土壤结构体破坏率提高12.50%,最大持水量下降6.65%,总孔隙度减小3.88%; 同时土壤主要化学性质,如有机质、全N、水解性N、全P、速效P、全K、速效K等普遍降低,它们的含量分别下降8.14 g·kg-1、0.18 g·kg-1、7.20 mg·kg-1、0.38 g·kg-1、39.98 mg·kg-1、6.95 g·kg-1和12.31 mg·kg-1; 此外,对皆伐作业造成土壤理化性质变化的原因进行了分析,并从森林生态采运角度出发,提出减少皆伐作业对林地土壤破坏的技术措施.     

植物收割对人工湿地去除多环芳烃的影响

人工模拟北京市清河水质,研究模拟人工湿地中植物收割对PAHs去除效果的影响.结果显示:植物和填料对PAHs的去除均有一定的贡献率.湿地种植芦竹并添加填料后对2环萘、3环菲、4环芘和5环苯并[a]芘的去除率平均提高了34.82%、47.92%、19.70%和7.78%.湿地植物收割后,对萘、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的平均去除率分别提高了11.31%、10.42%、21.21%和12.22%,且在收割后第2周期达到最大.植物收割后,第1周期的相对生长率最低(0.03~0.04cm/d),第2周期的相对生长率最高(0.47~0.51cm/d),第4周期的相对生长率恢复正常水平(0.17~0.23cm/d);对PAHs的去除率在第4周期恢复正常水平.     

Environmental management of the stone cutting industry

Environmental Management of the stone cutting industry in Hebron is required to reduce the industry's adverse impact on the downstream agricultural land and the adverse impact on the drinking water aquifers. This situation requires the implementation of an industrial wastewater management strategic approach and technology, within the available technical and financial resources. Ten pilot projects at different locations were built at Hebron to reduce or eliminate the incompatible discharge of the liquid and solid waste to the environment and improve the stone cutting industry's effluent quality. A review of existing practices and jar test experiments were used to optimize the water recycling and treatment facilities. The factors reviewed included influent pumping rates and cycles, selection of the optimal coagulant type and addition methods, control of the sludge recycling process, control over flow rates, control locations of influent and effluent, and sludge depth. Based on the optimized doses and Turbidity results, it was determined that the use of Fokland polymer with an optimal dose of 1.5mg/L could achieve the target turbidity levels. The completion of the pilot projects resulted in the elimination of stone cutting waste discharges and an improvement in the recycled effluent quality of 44-99%. This in turn reduced the long term operating costs for each participating firm. A full-scale project that includes all the stone cutting firms in Hebron industrial area is required.     

油气田钻屑与废泥浆固化处理技术的初步研究

由于钻井废弃泥浆流失会对环境造成严重污染,所以必须对废弃泥浆进行固化处理。通过大量实验研究,筛选出了分别适合于钻屑与高密度（ρ〉2.0g／cm^3）、中密度（ρ=1.6g/cm^3左右）、低密度（ρ=1.2g/cm^3左右）钻井废泥浆的几种固化剂配方。现场结合具体情况选用实验筛选的固化荆配方对废钻井泥浆和钻屑固化处理,固化物的强度达到0.3MPa以上,固化物浸出液中污染物含量达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准要求。     

长期食入抗坏血酸对国产防锈水诱发威斯塔大鼠致癌作用的影响

经40头雄威司塔大鼠长期饮用国产防锈水(含亚硝酸钠、三乙醇胺和聚乙二醇)实验表明,实验动物每天口服约75mg亚硝酸钠,两年后发生以胰腺泡型腺癌(22.5%)为主的恶性肿瘤(32.5%),并有30%的胰腺泡增生及不典型增生。另40头同规格大鼠在上述处理同时每天还经饮用水口服150mg抗坏血酸,两年后胰腺腺泡增生和胰腺癌发生率均有极显著减少,仅占2.5%,实验提示防锈水诱发胰腺癌是由于在体内合成某种亲胰腺腺泡的未知亚硝基化合物,而口服抗坏血酸对接触“防锈水”的金属切削工人可能有良好的防癌作用。     

刈割对生态浮床植物黑麦草光合作用及其对氮磷等净化效果的影响

以多花黑麦草为试材,通过水培实验方法,研究刈割强度对黑麦草生长、光合作用以及对污染水体氮、磷等去除效果的影响.结果表明,①刈割显著促进黑麦草新芽再生能力,刈割后5～13 d,C2（留茬2 cm）实验组新芽再生速率达2.78 cm·d^-1,远高于不刈割组（0.88 cm·d^-1）;刈割组株高、现存生物量以及生产量均大于不刈割组,且随刈割强度的增加,植物补偿指数显著变化,其中重度刈割（留茬高度≤5 cm）试验组新芽高度以及累积生物量分别为40.6～44.0 cm、31.6～37.2 g,均表现为超补偿作用,表明重度刈割有利于黑麦草生物量的累积;②刈割对黑麦草叶片叶绿素组成具有一定影响,其中C2组叶绿素a、叶绿素a/b 最大,为1.85 mg·g^-1、 3.18, C1（不刈割）组最小,为C2组的89.29%、90.13%;③刈割对黑麦草叶片叶绿素荧光参数有显著影响,随刈割强度的增加,PSⅡ的实际光能转化效率（ФPSⅡ）以及PSⅡ的非循环电子传递速率（ETR）均有所升高,其中C2组ФPSⅡ、ETR分别为C1组的1.13、1.09倍,表明刈割显著提高了叶片对光能的转化,使植物光合作用能力提高;④刈割显著提高了黑麦草系统对氮、磷等的去除效果,且刈割强度越大,浮床系统对TN、NH⁺₄-N、TP、COD的去除率越好,其中C2组对TN、NH⁺₄-N、TP、COD的去除率比C1组高1.07、1.20、1.05、1.44倍,远高于无植物系统的去除率;⑤留茬2～5 cm为黑麦草刈割最佳高度,此结论可为浮床植物科学管理提供重要依据.