Evaluation of aerial photography for predicting trends in structural attributes of Australian woodland including comparison with ground-based monitoring data

The accurate assessment of trends in the woody structure of savannas has important implications for greenhouse accounting and land-use industries such as pastoralism. Two recent assessments of live woody biomass change from north-east Australian eucalypt woodland between the 1980s and 1990s present divergent results. The first estimate is derived from a network of permanent monitoring plots and the second from woody cover assessments from aerial photography. The differences between the studies are reviewed and include sample density, spatial scale and design. Further analyses targeting potential biases in the indirect aerial photography technique are conducted including a comparison of basal area estimates derived from 28 permanent monitoring sites with basal area estimates derived by the aerial photography technique. It is concluded that the effect of photo-scale; or the failure to include appropriate back-transformation of biomass estimates in the aerial photography study are not likely to have contributed significantly to the discrepancy. However, temporal changes in the structure of woodlands, for example, woodlands maturing from many smaller trees to fewer larger trees or seasonal changes, which affect the relationship between cover and basal area could impact on the detection of trends using the aerial photography technique. It is also possible that issues concerning photo-quality may bias assessments through time, and that the limited sample of the permanent monitoring network may inadequately represent change at regional scales.     

ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验研究

新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器（ICSTD）处理污泥的启动运行试验采用某污水处理厂二沉池好氧活性污泥进行驯化培养,使反应器正常启动运行。在日处理量为50 L/d,进泥含水率为99.23％～99.46％,进泥VS/TS为0.65～0.73,进泥COD为4 115～5 780 mg/L,反应器容积负荷为1.31 kg COD/(m³·d)时,排泥含水率在96.2％～97.3％,排泥VS/TS为0.48～0.57,COD去除率在95％以上,出水pH在6.6～7.1,且上清液澄清。试验结果表明： ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验,采用直接培养污泥启动的方式培养厌氧污泥历时66 d,能较快地培养厌氧污泥且运行稳定,对污泥的浓缩消化起到较好的作用,同时对反应器后续运行的消化效果提供了一个良好的条件。     

Simulation and assessment of sludge concentration and rheology in the process of waste activated sludge treatment

The process of using flat-sheet membrane for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was employed. The variations of sludge concentration and rheology were characterized and simulated. Based on mass balance analysis, mathematical models were developed and successfully used to predict and evaluate the variations of sludge concentration and the digestion e ciency in the MSTD process. The apparent viscosity of sludge could be modeled as functions of mixed liquor suspended solids and shear rates. The sludge in the MSTD process showed both shear-thinning and viscoplastic behaviour, and under various shear rates di erent rheological models could be chosen to predict their flow behaviour. It was also found that sludge concentration and viscosity had significant correlations with membrane fouling in the MSTD process.     

CAF工艺浓缩剩余活性污泥的可行性研究

涡凹气浮已广泛应用于工业废水和城市污水的预处理中,但涡凹气浮在污泥处理中尚没有应用.根据课题组两年多在南昌朝阳洲污水处理厂的试验表明,涡凹气浮可用于浓缩城市污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥,特别是低浓度剩余活性污泥的浓缩.     

城镇污水厂污泥浓缩脱水的优化控制研究

污泥浓缩脱水是城镇污水厂节能降耗的一个重要环节,提高剩余污泥浓度并优化污泥絮凝剂投加量利于污泥的浓缩脱水。在维持曝气区污泥浓度稳定的工艺控制中,根据日常污泥沉降比试验,确定沉淀区最大污泥浓度,再通过物料衡算及沉淀区池面观察情况与出水SS,确定最小污泥回流比,以获得最大的回流污泥浓度,改善污泥的浓缩脱水。通过试验确定不同污泥浓度下PAM高分子絮凝剂的最佳投配率,以控制絮凝剂的动态投加,优化污泥浓缩脱水过程中的絮凝剂投加量,达到节能降耗的目的。     

平板膜在污泥浓缩消化处理中的应用研究

采用中试规模的反应器对平板膜-污泥浓缩消化(MSTD)工艺的污泥消化机制和膜污染机理进行了研究.结果表明,经过15d的运行,MSTD工艺的污泥浓度(MLSS)从最初的3.6g/L上升到约34.2g/L,MLVSS和MLSS的消解率分别达到52%和47%,实现了同步浓缩和消化.由于溶解氧的变化,MSTD工艺的消化机制分为好氧消化和类似的厌氧消化2个阶段,分别降解二价金属离子和铁离子连接的2类生物聚合物.在MSTD过程中,平板膜的截留和污泥消化导致污泥性质剧烈变化,从而造成膜过滤性能剧烈下降.MLSS、胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)均对膜污染有显著的影响.     

浓缩消化一体化反应器处理污泥的试验研究

中温条件下,采用浓缩消化一体化反应器处理污泥,考察稳定运行阶段投配率、搅拌和容积负荷对反应器的运行效果的影响。研究结果表明,投配率在10%～20%之间,排泥的含水率有所降低,之后随着投配率的增加,排泥含水率急剧升高;投配率由10%至30%增加过程中,排泥有机物（VS）的去除率和产气量也呈上升的趋势,投配率由30%再增加时,VS的去除率和产气量急剧下降。搅拌对排泥的含水率影响较小,但能够提高VS去除率和产气量。随着进泥容积负荷的增大,反应器排泥含水率逐渐增大;随着容积负荷在一定范围内的增加, VS去除率也随之提高。     

污泥减容的关键技术—剩余活性污泥的气浮浓缩法

研究了溶气气浮法用于浓缩城市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥的工艺设计参数,并将它与传统的重力浓缩法相比较。通过小试及中试研究结果表明,在相同的进泥条件下（进泥浓度为2～4g/L）,采用气浮浓缩法获得的污泥含固率为3.5％～3.9％,而重力浓缩法仅为1.2％～2.5％;并且气浮浓缩法的水力负荷、固体负荷高达150～200m3/m2·d、350～450kg/m2·d,而重力浓缩法仅为10～15m3/m2·d、20～50ks/m2·d。研究结果还表明：剩余活性污泥的气浮浓缩法相比于重力浓缩法具有浓缩效果好、运行效率高等优点,另外对两种方法的经济技术分析也表明,气浮浓缩法更具有优越性。     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

基于剪切增稠液体的变阻尼隔振器动力学特性研究

目的研究一种具有变阻尼特性的剪切增稠液体(STF)隔振器。方法首先采用二氧化硅纳米颗粒和聚乙二醇200为工作介质合成剪切增稠液体,通过试验研究剪切增稠液体的流变特性。之后以剪切增稠液体为工作介质,设计一种活塞液压式减振增稠液体隔振器,建立隔振器的动力学模型,并通过数值仿真研究了该隔振器的减振性能;最后,研究剪切增稠液体隔振器隔振性能影响因素。结果当远离共振频率时,隔振器具有小阻尼特性;在共振区附近,由于剪切增稠效应,隔振器阻尼骤然增加,实现对共振峰的有效抑制。结论剪切增稠液隔振器可有效抑制共振峰,同时不会对高频隔振性能产生不利影响,有效解决了传统隔振器线性阻尼的固有缺点。