基于视线追踪的三维模拟灭火救援培训效果评估

本文结合灭火救援指挥三维计算机模拟训练平台以及桌面式视线追踪实验系统,开展基于视线追踪技术的学员应急培训效果评估。首先开展眼动分析实验系统搭建与实验设计,采用Eyeso Ec80遥测式眼动仪对操作者模拟灭火救援时的眼动信息进行数据采集与处理。然后,开展失误行为的眼动特征提取研究,针对不同类别的认知状态,分别统计其在不同兴趣区域的注视时间并建立一步转移概率矩阵,最终得到典型失误模式的失误特征。     

Ergonomic interventions for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in a small manufacturing assembly line

This study involves performing improvements in workstation specification using a three-dimensional human modeling tool and proposing well-balanced work scheduling (WBWS) to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in a small manufacturing plant. To analyze risk factors of WMSDs, various tasks at 10 different types of workstation were evaluated with detailed motion analysis using a customized checklist. Questionnaires were administered to 27 workers to evaluate symptoms related to WMSDs. Revised workstation specifications were suggested based on anthropometric characteristics of workers using before–after analyses as an engineering control. Additionally, WBWS was proposed as an administrative control to avoid continuous physical stress on specific body parts in repetitive tasks. A software tool for WBWS was developed for convenient and easy application. The results of the study may aid managers in applying ergonomic interventions with time and cost savings, and enhance worker satisfaction and motivation due to improvements in working conditions to prevent WMSDs.     

三维电极电催化氧化处理邻氯苯胺废水的研究

文章用粉末状活性炭作为三维电极电化学反应器的粒子电极,选择石墨板和不锈钢板分别作为阳极和阴极,组成三维电极电化学反应器。文章研究了三维电极电化学反应器对邻氯苯胺废水的电催化氧化效果,探讨了槽电压、溶液初始pH、电解时间、支持电解质浓度、电极极板间距等影响因素对邻氯苯胺废水COD的去除效果。实验结果表明:当槽电压为15.0 V,溶液初始pH为3.0,支持电解质浓度为0.10 mol/L,极板间距为2 cm,电解时间为30 min时,邻氯苯胺废水的COD去除率达到97.50%。通过紫外-可见光光谱扫描发现,由于三维电极电催化氧化作用,邻氯苯胺的苯环断裂,生成一些脂肪族物质。谱图在250~350 nm波长范围内并无其他吸收峰出现,说明溶液在降解过程中并没有生成其他大分子物质。从而证实了三维电极电化学反应器对邻氯苯胺有很好的降解效果。     

AN EXPERIMENT IN DETERMINISTIC WATERSHED MODELING1

An experimental three-dimensional finite-difference watershed model in the form of a Fortran IV program was constructed. The model was an oversimplified one which divided the watershed volume into layers of cells which represented the overland flow, the vadose, and the phreatic zones. Water budget equations which utilized such formulas as Darcy's law and Manning's equation were applied to each interior cell. The resulting set of simultaneous equations was solved for heads at the end of successive time increments. This information was transformed to streamflow and other hydrologic output. Input was weather data, which effected appropriate adjustments in the cells representing the surface-water and vadose zones. After testing the model, it was concluded that this type of model is undesirably sensitive to cell size and length of time increment. In spite of the deficiencies of this primitive model, this general kind of approach to modeling seems promising, but it may be necessary to devise new transport equations which apply to more natural divisions of watersheds.     

不同生态混凝土坡岸中溶解性有机质与镉的相互作用机理研究

为研究生态混凝土坡岸中DOM(dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质)与重金属离子的相互作用,通过FQT(fluorescence quenching titration,荧光淬灭滴定)试验配合3D-EEMs(three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy,三维荧光光谱)、PARAFAC(parallel factor,平行因子分析)和2D-COS(two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy,二维相关光谱)探究了AEC(applied eco-concrete,应用型生态混凝土)和IEC(improved eco-concrete,改良型生态混凝土)坡岸中DOM与Cd2+的相互作用机理.结果表明:①3D-EEMs结果显示,AEC_ow(AEC坡岸出水)类蛋白组分荧光强度降低,水体腐殖化程度升高,而IEC_ow(IEC坡岸出水) DOM各组分荧光强度均降低;Cd2+能与DOM中所有组分发生络合,且随c(Cd2+)增加,各组分的荧光强度最终趋于稳定.②PARAFAC将所有样品中DOM分离出类蛋白、类富里酸和类腐殖质3个独立组分,其中类富里酸组分随c(Cd2+)增加表现稳定的荧光淬灭效果.③通过Ryan and Weber模型计算Cd2+与DOM中各组分的络合常数(lg K)发现,所有样品中Cd2+与DOM中类富里酸组分的lg K值均大于类蛋白组分.进一步发现,不同坡岸出水lg K值大小依次为RW(原水) > AEC_ow > IEC_ow;④2D-COS分析得出,DOM中类蛋白组分对Cd2+的敏感度最大.RW中Cd2+与DOM位点的络合顺序为340 nm→273 nm→282 nm,AEC_ow中络合顺序为410 nm→330 nm.研究显示:Cd2+率先与DOM中类富里酸、腐殖质类物质络合,且络合能力强,类蛋白物质最容易受Cd2+的干扰;AEC_ow增加了下游水生态系统中Cd2+的迁移风险和生物有效性,相反IEC_ow则降低了Cd2+的迁移风险,两种坡岸均能降低DOM组分与Cd2+的络合能力,其中IEC坡岸最优.      

污泥厌氧过程中磷释放与SMP特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为实验污泥,研究污泥厌氧过程中磷释放和溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）的变化特性,检测了不同厌氧时长下总磷（TP）,SMP中蛋白质与多糖含量,利用三维荧光光谱与液相色谱-有机碳测定仪（LC-OCD）进一步探究了SMP的组分分布状况,应用灰色关联度分析了TP与各组分的相关性.结果表明：随着厌氧时间延长,蛋白质,多糖浓度逐渐增加,TP浓度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,TP浓度在厌氧4d最高,达到14.15mg/gVSS,说明污泥厌氧过程中存在最优释磷时间;将三维荧光光谱分为7个荧光区域,平行因子（PARAFAC）分析表明紫外光区类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质荧光强度随着厌氧时间的延长逐渐增大,微生物代谢产物的荧光强度先增大后减小;SMP中生物高聚物和腐殖酸（Humics）等大分子物质浓度逐渐增大,中分子前驱物呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而小分子物质呈现先减小后增大的趋势;蛋白质、多糖和Humics浓度与TP浓度的关联性显著.研究结果可为优化污泥厌氧释磷,提高磷回收效率提供理论支持.     

大柳树坝址岩体松动机制动力三维有限元分析

黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址区存在大范围的岩体松动现象。其主要特征是岩体应力释放。结构面张开。密度显著下降。为进一步研究岩体松动的成因机制，在详细调查区域地质背景条件及区域地震动力作用基础之上。提出了地震动力作用与岩体松动现象的内在联系，同时又通过动力三维有限元数值模拟计算。进一步证明大柳树坝址区存在的大范围岩体松动与历史上该地区发生的强烈地震具有密切关系。     

Simulation on an optimal combustion control strategy for 3-D temperature distributions in tangentially pc-fired utility boiler furnaces

The control of 3-D temperature distribution in a utility boiler fumace is essential for the safe, economic and clean operation of pc-fired fumace with multi-burner system. The development of the visualization of 3-D temperature distributions in pcfired fumaces makes it possible for a new combustion control strategy directly with the fumace temperature as its goal to improve the control quality for the combustion processes. Studied in this paper is such a new strategy that the whole fumace is divided into several parts in the vertical direction, and the average temperature and its bias from the center in every cross section can be extracted from the visualization results of the3-D temperature distributions. In the simulation stage, a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code served to calculate the 3-D temperature distributions in a furnace, then a linear model was set up to relate the features of the temperature distributions with the input of the combustion processes, such as the flow rates of fuel and air fed into the furnaces through all the bumers. The adaptive genetic algorithm was adopted to find the optimal combination of the whole input parameters which ensure to form an optimal 3-D temperature field in the fumace desired for the operation of boiler. Simulation results showed that the strategy could soon find the factors making the temperature distribution apart from the optimal state and give correct adjusting suggestions.     

Three-dimensional ultrasound in evaluating the fetus

In recent years three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound has made a place in clinical practice and has become a major field of research in obstetrics. In this article we will review the diagnostic performance of the most widely used 3D ultrasound applications in the assessment of fetal anomalies, explain the technique to gain correct 3D images and offer some practical advice for their efficient use. Examples are given to demonstrate the applicability and vividness of 3D in daily routine. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.