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181.
James E. Mitchell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(5):863-870
ABSTRACT: In geohydrology, three-dimensional surfaces are typically represented as a series of contours. Water levels, saturated thickness, precipitation, and geological formation boundaries are a few examples of this practice. These surfaces start as point measurements that are then analyzed to interpolate between the known point measurements. This first step typically creates a raster or a set of grid points. In modeling, subsequent processing uses these to represent the shape of a surface. For display, they are usually converted to contour lines. Unfortunately, in many field applications, the (x, y) location on the earth's surface is much less confidently known than the data in the z dimension. To test the influence of (x, y) locational accuracy on z dimension point predictions and their resulting contours, a Monte Carlo study was performed on water level data from northwestern Kansas. Four levels of (x, y) uncertainty were tested ranging in accuracy from one arc degree-minute (± 2384 feet in the x dimension and ± 3036 feet in the y dimension) to Global Positioning Systems (GPS) accuracy (± 20 feet for relatively low cost systems). These span the range of common levels of locational uncertainty in data available to hydrologists in the United States. This work examines the influence that locational uncertainty can have on both point predictions and contour lines. Results indicate that overall mean error exhibits a small sensitivity to locational uncertainty. However, measures of spread and maximum errors in the z domain are greatly affected. In practical application, this implies that estimates over large regions should be asymptotically consistent. However, local errors in z can be quite large and increase with (x, y) uncertainty. 相似文献
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本文对氨电极测定空气中氨的方法进行了研究,确定了最佳分析条件。分析方法的精密度,其平均变异系数为47%;平均回收率为998%,测定结果与纳氏试剂比色法无显著性差异,该方法适用于空气中氨的测定。 相似文献
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本文介绍了在环境监测中,经试验研究,确定的用阳极溶出伏安法,连续分析环境样品中重金属Cu,Pb,Cd的最佳条件,即用悬汞电极做工作电极,用0.1M离氯酸做支持电解质,纯氮除氧。当PH值取2-7,富集电位数-1.1~-1.2V时,不但可连续测定一定浓度范围的重金属Cd,Pb,CU;而且方法灵敏度高,精密良好,线性相关关系可达0.9990,回收率达85-115%,获得了良好的分析效果。 相似文献
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An ion selective electrode (ISE) for determining Cr(VI) using supported liquid membranes (SLMs) containing trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was investigated in this study. TOPO, as a carrier, had a high selectivity for Cr(VI) against interfering ions such as sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, and chloride. The composition of the SLM was optimized as 0.193 g TOPO/1 mL NPOE (o-nitrophenyl octyl ether)/0.5 g poly (vinyl chloride) for detection of Cr(VI). The Cr(VI) concentration was measured in the range of1 × 10-3 to 1 × 10-6 M with the SLM prepared in the study. It seemed that Cr(VI) was transported in the SLM as a triply charged ion indicated by the slope of the emf response. Selectivity coefficients and detection limits of Cr(VI) in the presence of interfering ions were determined experimentally using the fixed interference method. 相似文献
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Free cupric ions in contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine in eastern Nanjing City, China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
To determine the environmental free metal ion activity was a recent hot issue. A method to measure low-level free cupric ion activity in soil solution extracted with 0.01 mol/L KNO3 was developed by using cupric ion-selective electrode (ISE) and calibrating with Cu-buffer solution. Three copper buffers including iminodiacetic acid (IDA), ethylenediamine (EN), and glycine (Gly) were compared for calibrating the Cu-ISE curves in the range of free cupric ions (pCu^2+) 7-13. The Cu-EN buffer showed the best electrode response and thus was applied as the calibration buffer. The pCu^2+ of 39 contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine was measured, ranging from 5.03 to 9.20. Most Cu in the soil solutions was found to be complexed with dissolved soil organic matters, averaging 98.1%. The proportion of free Cu^2+ ions in the soil solutions decreased with the increasing of solution pH. Soluble Cu and free Cu^2+ ions concentrations were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the effects of soil properties on metal levels and speciation. The results showed that soil solution pH was the most significant factor influencing pCu^2+ (with R^2 value of 0.76), while not important for the soluble Cu concentration. 相似文献
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