A mathematical model for a hybrid anaerobic reactor

A mathematical model for a hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR), which uses self-immobilized anaerobic bacterial granules under completely fluidized condition, has been developed. Stoichiometry of glucose fermentation into methane has been considered in this model. The model includes: (1) a biofilm model which describes substrate conversion kinetics within a single granule; (2) a bed fluidization model which describes the distribution of biogranules within the fluidized bed and (3) a reactor model which links the above two to predict the substrate and products concentration profile along the reactor height. Product and pH inhibition for each group of bacteria has been considered in the kinetic model. The spatial distribution of each group of anaerobic bacteria within granules has been found to play a vital role in bringing about the conversion. Experiments were conducted in the reactor using a synthetic effluent containing glucose as the carbon source to study the treatment efficiency. The model was simulated first assuming a 3-layered distribution [MacLeod, F.A., Guiot, S.R., Costerton, J.W., 1990. Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, 1598-1607.] of anaerobic bacteria within granules and then homogeneous distribution [Grotenhuis, J.T.C., Smit, M., Plugge, C.M., Yuansheng, X., van Lammeren, A.A.M., Stams, A.J.M., Zehnder, A.J.B., 1991. Bacterial composition and structure of granular sludge adapted to different substrates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57, 1942-1949.] of anaerobic bacteria. The predictions of model simulation with the assumption of layered structure closely represented the experimental data.     

优势菌种与三重环流三相流化床耦合处理油制气厂废水

从若干种菌源中分离出降解芳香烃类和长链烷烃类化合物的高效菌种 ,将此菌种与自行设计的新型结构内循环三相流化床相结合应用于处理油制气厂排出的难降解毒性有机废水 ,分别进行了废水处理动态试验及抗冲击负荷试验 ,讨论了气水比、pH与COD去除率的关系 ,分析了酚、氨氮及各类毒性有机物的生物降解情况 .结果表明 ,反应器容积负荷为 7 16kg(CODCr) (m3·d) ,CODCr平均去除率为 79 5 % ,芳烃类化合物的去除率为 79 8% ,酚类化合物的去除率达 94 8%以上 .反应器表现出优良的抗冲击能力与高效的处理能力     

生物活性炭流化床净化采油废水的效能及特性

为了解决采油废水生化处理难度大、处理效率低等问题,采用颗粒活性炭为载体的内循环流化床反应器工艺在好氧条件下净化采油废水.利用果壳粒状活性炭为载体,投配率为15%时效果较好;最优化水力停留时间为5h.借助有机物的表征参数COD、UV₂₅₄、UV₄₁₀、有机酸以及GC/MS分析方法对该工艺净化采油废水中的有机物的能力进行了研究,结果表明,COD去除率在25%～45%之间波动,UV₂₅₄、UV₄₁₀和有机酸的平均去除率分别为85.9%、73.6%和51.5%,含油量去除率可达100%,但很难去除长链烷烃.研究还发现,由于采油废水中含有某些高浓度的无机离子,如Ca²⁺、Cl^-,占据了活性炭吸附活性中心,从而对活性炭吸附和降解有机物的性能产生不利影响;采油废水温度较高也是影响生物活性炭处理效果的一个因素.     

新型移动床膜生物反应器处理PVA废水的实验研究

将移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）与膜生物反应器（MBR）有机结合,形成一体化式新型移动床膜生物反应器（M—MBBR）。采用M—MBBR对PVA废水的处理效果进行了研究,介绍了反应器的结构,并考察了水力停留时间、COD容积负荷及曝气量等操作条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在水力停留时间8h,气水比为120：1,COD容积负荷在1．4—2．8kg／（m^3·d）范围内变化时处理效果最佳且出水保持稳定。在此操作条件下,M—MBBR对PVA和COD的去除率可分别达到54％和69％左右。     

载体好氧预挂膜处理对厌氧附着膜膨胀床反应器的影响

研究了生物腹载体经好氧预挂膜处理对厌氧附着膜膨胀床（ＡＡＦＥＢ）反应器的起动、运行效能、厌氧生物颗粒性状的影响。载体经１０天好氧预挂腹处理后的反应器比对照提前１５天完成起动;且具有较好地耐受有机质负荷和水力负荷冲击的效能。处理反应器中厌氧生物颗粒的一些性能指标值,如最大比产酸活性、最大比产甲烷活性、Ｆ（４２０）、生物膜浓度等均优于对照。另外,两种反应器厌氧生物颗粒内微生物相也存在明显的差异。     

流化床内焦炭对N2O和NO生成和分解的影响

在小型流化床试验上进行了焦炭的燃烧试验，研究焦炭颗粒和氧化钙对Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯ的分解反应，焦炭颗粒对Ｎ２Ｏ还原分解速率比ＮＯ快，氧化钙对Ｎ２Ｏ分解有较强的催化作用，Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯ的分解反应过程可用一级Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ公式来描述，研究不同程度脱去挥发份的炭焦颗粒对Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯ形成的影响，脱挥发份的程度越高，焦炭氮形成Ｎ２Ｏ的量越少，表明挥发份氮形成Ｎ２Ｏ量高于相应焦炭氮燃烧产生的Ｎ２Ｏ量，焦炭燃烧过程中     

烟气循环流化床脱硫塔内文丘里设计

烟气循环流化床脱硫技术被广泛应用在烟气净化工程中,对烟气循环流化床脱硫反应塔的关键部位——文丘里的工艺设计进行详细的介绍,为脱硫设计提供参考。     

EGSB反应器处理链霉素有机废水工业性试验研究

本文介绍了在厌氧中温发酵 (35± l℃ )条件下 ,采用膨胀颗粒污泥床 (EGSB)反应器日处理 2 0 0 t链霉素有机废水的工业性试验研究。试验结果表明 :在控制低浓度进料 ,COD在 2 0 0 0～ 70 0 0 mg/L、COD/SO2 - 4=7～ 1 0的条件下 ,有效地降低了毒性物质的抑制作用 ,使反应器成功启动并培养出颗粒污泥 ;当进料 COD在 70 0 0～ 1 30 0 0 mg/L,HRT为 3～ 5h,p H值为 6.8～ 7.2时 ,COD去除率可达75% ,反应器容积负荷最高可达 1 5.8kg COD/(m3.d) ,而 SO2 - 4去除率可有效地控制在 60 %～ 70 % ,实现了 EGSB反应器对链霉素废水中有机物和硫酸盐的有效去除。     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池处理废水的产电特性

在内径40mm、高600mm的液固厌氧流化床空气阴极单室微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,分别以污水和椰壳活性炭为液相和固相,采用间歇运行方式,考察了接种厌氧污泥条件下流化状态对电池产电性能的影响.实验结果表明,固定床条件下,电池启动迅速.初始电压为200mV,80h后电压急剧上升,100h后电池开路电压稳定在700～900mV之间.对比电压和功率密度随电流强度变化的曲线知,电池启动成功后,固定床状态下,电池最大输出功率密度随污水循环流速的增加而增大.床层颗粒由固定状态转变为流化状态后,电池最大输出功率密度由初始值120mW·m-3增加至220mW·m-3,说明流化床可以改善MFC阳极室内传质效果,加快反应速率,提高MFC产电性能.     

Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A using an integrated system of a new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed reactor and micrometer Gd-doped TiO2 particles

A new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor (GLSCFBPR) with internally placed multi-layered UV lamps was developed. Micrometer Gd-TiO₂ particles and commercial nanometer P25-TiO₂ were chosen as the photocatalysts, and the hazardous substance bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as the model pollutant to investigate the performance of this new photocatalytic system. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the micrometer Gd-TiO₂ particles was similar to that of the nanometer P-25 particles at their respective optimum dosage but the former could be easily separated out by gravity. After investigating the effects of process parameters on the photocatalytic BPA degradation, the response surface method (RSM) was further used for process optimization. The interactions among process parameters, i.e., TiO₂ concentration, superficial gas velocity and superficial liquid velocity were discovered and a related analysis was carried out to explore the underlying mechanism. A quadratic mathematic model was established and performed satisfactorily when used for prediction. The optimum conditions for this new process were as follows: TiO₂ concentration 4.5 g/L, superficial gas velocity 7.83 × 10^-3 m/sec and superficial liquid velocity 8.65 × 10^-3 m/sec.