丛枝菌根强化型生态浮床处理煤化工模拟含盐废水

针对缺乏经济有效的中低盐废水脱盐技术问题,本试验利用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌增强植物抗盐胁迫能力,搭建AM强化型生态浮床,既探索新的中低盐废水处理技术,又解决普通浮床植物耐盐胁迫能力差、除盐效率低的问题.结果表明,AM真菌(Glomus etunicatum)与浮床植物美人蕉(Canna indica L.)建立了良好的共生关系,且侵染不受盐胁迫的影响.接种AM真菌提高了生态浮床处理含盐废水的能力,21 d内TDS、COD、TN和TP的去除率分别达到了36. 1%、74. 4%、57. 6%和59. 1%,比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了79. 2%、36. 4%、32. 7%和37. 6%.从具体盐离子来看,21 d内水体中Na、K、Ca和Mg离子的去除率分别达到了34. 4%、61. 3%、57. 4%和51. 9%,相比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了11. 4%、37. 1%、18. 3%和24. 6%.从植物对盐的吸收来看,AM的存在促进了美人蕉对Na离子的吸收和向地上部的转移,这可能是AM强化型生态浮床功能得到提升的主要原因之一.本研究表明AM真菌可增强生态浮床修复水体污染的能力,提高脱盐效率.     

中试MBBR反应器启动CANON工艺及其短程硝化

采用150 L的移动床生物膜(MBBR)反应器,控制温度为28℃,以无机高氨氮(平均浓度350 mg·L~(-1))废水为原水,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,同时,取其中絮状污泥至5L的SBR反应器中,维持进水NH~+_4-N浓度为90～200 mg·L~(-1),共同进行短程硝化恢复研究.结果表明,MBBR反应器中,HRT平均为12 h时,短程硝化与TN去除率互相制约,TN去除率平均为38.2%,δNO~-_3-N/TN值平均为0.274,当HRT降至6h后,δNO~-_3-N/TN值由0.347下降至0.146; SBR反应器通过间歇曝气,分别维持曝气与停曝时间为30 min与20 min,好氧过程中DO浓度为0.5～0.6 mg·L~(-1),且每周期末FNA浓度高于0.18 mg·L~(-1)时, 12 d后系统内NAR由0增长至99.2%,NUR从24.8 mg·(g·h)~(-1)降至0,TN去除率则由13%降至3%,成功由全程硝化转变为短程硝化;高通量测序结果显示:MBBR反应器中Candidatus Kuenenia在絮状污泥和生物膜中的相对丰度分别为7.91%及17.38%,Nitrosomonas在二者中分别占27.43%和2.55%,Nitrospira则在二者中占0.30%和0.28%; SBR反应器恢复短程硝化后,AOB与ANAMMOX丰度分别下降至1.18%和0.01%,Nitrospira的相对丰度则上升至1.39%.     

Energy recovery from solid waste fuels using advanced gasification technology

Since the mid-1980s, TPS Termiska Processer AB has been working on the development of an atmospheric-pressure gasification process. A major aim at the start of this work was the generation of fuel gas from indigenous fuels to Sweden (i.e. biomass). As the economic climate changed and awareness of the damage to the environment caused by the use of fossil fuels in power generation equipment increased, the aim of the development work at TPS was changed to applying the process to heat and power generation from feedstocks such as biomass and solid wastes. Compared with modern waste incineration with heat recovery, the gasification process will permit an increase in electricity output of up to 50%. The gasification process being developed is based on an atmospheric-pressure circulating fluidised bed gasifier coupled to a tar-cracking vessel. The gas produced from this process is then cooled and cleaned in conventional equipment. The energy-rich gas produced is clean enough to be fired in a gas boiler (and, in the longer term, in an engine or gas turbine) without requiring extensive flue gas cleaning, as is normally required in conventional waste incineration plants. Producing clean fuel gas in this manner, which facilitates the use of efficient gas-fired boilers, means that overall plant electrical efficiencies of close to 30% can be achieved. TPS has performed a considerable amount of pilot plant testing on waste fuels in their gasification/gas cleaning pilot plant in Sweden. Two gasifiers of TPS design have been in operation in Grève-in-Chianti, Italy since 1992. This plant processes 200 tonnes of RDF (refuse-derived fuel) per day. It is planned that the complete TPS gasification process (including the complete fuel gas cleaning system) be demonstrated in several gas turbine-based biomass-fuelled power generating plants in different parts of the world. It is the aim of TPS to prove, at commercial scale, the technical feasibility and economic advantages of the gasification process when it is applied to solid waste fuels. This aim shall be achieved, in the short-term, by employing the cold clean product gas in a gas boiler and, in the longer-term, by firing the gas in engines and gas turbines. A study for a 90 MWth waste-fuelled co-generation plant in Sweden has shown that, already today, gasification of solid waste can compete economically with conventional incineration technologies.     

生物流化床处理生活污水的动力学研究

本研究采用颗粒活性炭（Granule Activated Carbon,GAC）为填料,考察了生物流化床（Biological fluidized Bed,BFB）处理生活污水的动力学.研究结果表明,GAC-BFB内生物膜的表现产率YoA为2.3057gVSS/gCOD,微生物细胞衰减常数Kd为0.3056d-1;基质降解动力学中米氏常数Ks为0.2182mg/L,反应速率常数K为13.09 mg/（l·h）.GAC-BFB的微生物生长动力学拟合方程为1/θc=2.3057q-0.3056,R2=0.9549; GAC-BFB的基质降解动力学拟合方程为1/U =0.2182＊1/S ＋0.0764,R2 =0.9972,该微生物生长动力学拟合方程及基质降解动力学拟合方程能较好的反映GAC-BFB系统的出水水质状况,本研究所获得的动力学关系和动力学参数可作为GAC-BFB系统的设计依据.     

超重力-O_3-Fenton氧化法深度处理彩涂废水

在旋转填充床(RPB)中,采用O3-Fenton氧化法深度处理实际彩涂废水。实验结果表明:在反应温度为25℃、气体流量为150 L/h、液体流量为30 L/h、初始p H为7、反应时间为5.0 min、Fe2+浓度为0.10 mmol/L、H2O2浓度为1.0 mmol/L、RPB转速为1 000 r/min的条件下,彩涂废水的COD去除率达到99.7%,比非超重力O3-Fenton体系的处理效果高出60.0百分点。表明超重力技术对O3-Fenton氧化法深度处理彩涂废水具有良好的强化效果。     

微囊化生物流化床降解对氯甲苯的性能优化

在生物流化床中接入微囊化菌株ycsd01,形成微囊化生物流化床。分别考察装液量、水力停留时间(HRT)、微胶囊接种量、对氯甲苯初始浓度、降解温度和降解pH值对流化床降解对氯甲苯的影响,用响应面法进一步获得了微囊化生物流化床处理对氯甲苯的最佳工艺条件。含菌微胶囊降解对氯甲苯的适宜条件为:装液量为10 L,HRT为72 h,微胶囊接种量为10%~15%,对氯甲苯初始浓度为120 mg/L,降解温度为30~35℃,降解pH值为7.0。响应面优化所得的最佳工艺条件为:pH=7.1,对氯甲苯初始浓度120.36 mg/L和微胶囊接种量11.24%,预测对氯甲苯的降解率达85.32%。     

焚烧烟气中二噁英类控制技术研究进展

焚烧烟气中二噁英是制约垃圾焚烧技术发展的关键性问题。文章描述了烟气中二噁英的形态分布,并综述了烟气中二噁英控制技术的研究进展,指出了有待进一步研究的问题;重点阐述了活性炭吸附技术,比较了传统的利用活性碳吸附技术的净化工艺与双层滤料颗粒床+活性炭+布袋除尘脱酸除二噁英一体化新工艺。     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率的探讨

热电厂循环流化床锅炉通过使用燃煤中添加以石灰石为主要原料的脱硫剂的方法实现高效脱硫,具有燃烧效率高、煤种适应性宽、氮氧化物排放量低、易实现炉内高效脱硫等特点,近年来一直被热电行业广泛运用。循环流化床锅炉炉温较低,一般在850℃～950℃之间,便于采用脱硫剂脱硫。常用脱硫剂一般以石灰石为主要原料,采用在锅炉内直接与燃煤燃烧接触,达到燃烧中脱硫,而钙硫比的高低对炉内脱硫效果影响较大。以实际范例研究了通过物料衡算方法进行脱硫效率实验来选择脱硫剂及用量的方法。     

生物法降解含油污泥反应器流场及工作参数研究

为提高生物反应器法处理含油污泥的降解效率,对生物反应器内铜绿假单胞菌NY3降解含油污泥的工艺过程进行研究.建立了生物反应器内气-液-固三相流场动力学模型和群体平衡模型(PBM),结合FLUENT软件对反应器内气泡直径分布和搅拌转速进行仿真.研究发现,直径在6mm以下的气泡占比为85%,能有效增加反应体系溶解氧浓度,并模拟出反应器最佳离底悬浮转速为150r/min.利用氧守恒原理建立了曝气速率随时间的变化关系模型,并通过设计实验确定最佳接菌量为15.23%,温度为32.56℃,指导最终降解过程的工艺参数选择.通过设定最佳工作参数值,用多功能生物反应器对6kg含油污泥进行降解实验,反应9d后石油烃降解率高达86.20%,含油率为1.46%.研究结果表明,生物反应器法降解含油污泥周期短、效率高,为处理含油污泥提供了一种有效可靠的新途径.