厌氧-缺氧-预曝气-移动床生物膜系统对焦化废水特征有机污染物降解研究

重点研究了厌氧-缺氧-预曝气-移动床生物膜(A1-A2-O-MBBR)组合工艺对焦化废水中特征有机污染物——苯酚、对甲酚、苯胺、邻甲酚、吲哚、喹啉和2,4-二甲酚的降解情况.结果发现,进水中苯酚、对甲酚、苯胺、邻甲酚、吲哚、喹啉和2,4-二甲酚的含量分别为48.68、25.53、11.70、8.46、8.02、5.33和1.26mg·mL-1,约占有机物总量的70.0%;经厌氧处理后,喹啉的去除率最高,达91.4%,苯酚和2,4-二甲酚的去除率为30.0%～40.0%,苯胺、邻甲酚、对甲酚和吲哚的去除率为20.0%～30.0%,并且厌氧出水的色度降低约55.0%;缺氧反硝化对有机物的降解或转化有重要作用,苯胺、喹啉和吲哚经缺氧处理后未检测到,苯酚、对甲酚和邻甲酚的去除率分别为93.3%、86.8%和81.7%,但2,4-二甲酚浓度却从0.13mg·mL-1增加到0.21mg·mL-1;而经预曝气处理后,苯酚、邻甲酚、对甲酚和2,4-二甲酚未检测到,MBBR反应器主要进行硝化反应,整个系统出水氨氮小于1.0mg·mL-1.     

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process, which is named herein “The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)”, was developed for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter. This process was composed of an anaerobic bed (Riser), aerobic bed (Downer) and connecting device. Influent and nitrified liquid from the aerobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed, completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined. From a technical and economic point of view, the optimum nitrified liquid recirculation ratewas 400%. With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h (0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed) and a nitrified liquid recirculation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to be 88% and 95%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration, nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L, 0.026-0.1 g NH₄ ⁺-N/g VSS·d, and 0.016–0.074 g NO_x ⁻-N/g VSS·d, respectively. __________ Translated from Environmental Engineering, 2007, 25(6): 2, 7–10 [译自: 环境工程]     

三相流化床中人苍白杆菌与硝化菌对苯胺废水的共基质降解

将人苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum anthropi)降解苯胺的过程与硝化反应相结合,在三重环流三相流化床中实现共基质降解,充分降低废水中的苯胺和苯胺降解过程中产生的NH4 -N.以自行研制的聚氨酯填料为载体,研究了流化床内苯胺、DO以及NaHCO3等对该共基质降解过程的影响.挂膜过程中苯胺质量浓度下降和NH4 质量浓度上升,证明了此过程中人苍白杆菌生物膜优先形成,而且NH4 质量浓度先增后降反映了人苍白杆菌生物膜的形成为硝化菌生物膜的形成创造了条件.通过苯胺对硝化菌的抑制性实验发现,苯胺质量浓度从100 mg/L下降到4 mg/L的过程中,其对硝化菌的抑制作用由强变弱.当苯胺质量浓度小于4 mg/L时,对硝化菌无抑制作用.其中亚硝化细菌比硝化细菌活性恢复更快,表明硝化菌比亚硝化菌对苯胺的毒性抑制更为敏感.流化床高效的传氧能力可以改善硝化细菌摄O2的条件.DO 2～3 mg/L,pH=7.5～8.5及适当的NaHCO3添加量是苯胺与NH4 -N共基质降解的适合条件.此条件下进水COD和苯胺质量浓度分别为540 mg/L及210 mg/L左右时,出水能够达到国家一级排放标准.     

厌氧-缺氧下反硝化除磷对低碳污水的处理性能研究

采用厌氧-缺氧条件运行的序批式移动床生物膜反应器,考察了NO3--N进水浓度及其投加方式对低碳废水(COD=200mg/L)反硝化除磷的影响.经驯化后,反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)在总聚磷菌的份额从15.7%增长到71.3%,富集了DPB.NO3--N的浓度对处理有较大影响.在NO3--N为30mg/L(即C/N=6.7:1)时,COD、PO43--P和NO3--N的去除率分别为97.8%、82.0%和81.2%,实现低碳污水的高效处理.NO3--N较低或较高浓度(20mg/L和40mg/L)时,缺氧段吸磷不充分,PHB由厌氧开始时的2.2mg/g左右分别积累至5.1mg/g和3.5mg/g,影响下一周期磷的释放.1次投加、2次投加和连续流加NO3--N,除对缺氧初期的反硝化吸磷速率有影响外,对反硝化除磷的效率影响不明显.     

印染废水处理工程的新型生物流化床组合工艺技术分析

针对高浓度难降解的工业有机废水,利用自行开发的新型结构生物流化床技术,通过工程设计实施了若干废水处理的应用实践.从成功运行的12个工程中选取了3个分别为1200、 2000 和13000 m³/d的印染废水处理工程作为案例,分析流化床组合工艺处理难降解有机废水的原理,从技术经济可行性方面总结新型生物流化床技术处理印染废水的工程经验.3个工程规模案例印染废水处理生物系统停留时间分别为23、 34和21.8 h,进水容积负荷（COD）分别为1.75、 4.75、 2.97 kg/(m³·d),相应的COD去除率达97.3%、 98.1%、 95.8%.在正常运行工况条件下,工艺出水的各项污染指标均达到广东省一级排放标准（高于国家相应标准）的限值要求,整个工程的运行费用分别为0.91、 1.17及0.88元/m³.工程实践表明,采用新型生物流化床组合技术处理印染废水,克服了传统方法的缺点,具有停留时间短、氧利用率高、有机污染物转化速率快以及污泥产量少等的特点.基于未来的发展,提出了在组合工艺中实现低碳废水处理技术的流程,考虑生态安全和资源循环利用的结合.     

TBP型三相组合式过电压保护器爆炸原因分析与对策

TBP型三相组合式过电压保护器逐步取代了MOA（氧化锌避雷器）和SiC（碳化硅避雷器）,广泛应用在6～35kV电压等级变配电设施上,由于内部绝缘受潮和串联间隙的位移,运行中爆炸事故常有发生,分析了爆炸产生的原因,提出了避免发生爆炸事故的措施。     

多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床光催化降解双酚A

悬浮浆态光催化反应体系具有固-液接触面积大、过程效率高和处理量较大的优点,但存在浆态体系中纳米催化剂难于分离回收的问题,为解决这一难题,提出了在废水污染物光催化降解过程中使用易于沉降分离的微米级颗粒光催化荆,并与新设计的多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床相结合组成的光催化反应体系.以微米级颗粒Gd-TiO2为光催化剂,...     

两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁(口英)相态分布特征

采集了机械炉捧焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85％以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤简相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1％.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-peCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30％以上.     

Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂吸附甲苯后的微波原位再生及床层温度分布探究

实验考察了Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂吸附甲苯后的微波原位再生效果,分析了固定床温度场分布及催化剂多次再生后的吸附穿透曲线,并对Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂进行了比表面积和表面形貌的表征测试.研究表明,微波功率117 W、空气流速0.5 m3·h-1和催化剂用量800 g下,吸附催化剂的微波再生效果良好,脱附甲苯在催化剂表面被氧化降解并使催化剂恢复吸附能力.再生时床层温度水平截面上由内向外缓慢降低,垂直方向从下而上逐渐升高,并在床层中上部达到最高的250~350℃.6次吸附穿透曲线和催化剂表征证实,微波原位再生时催化剂表面存在烧结与团聚现象,催化剂的比表面积和微孔体积有所减少,从而缩短了催化剂的穿透时间;微波再生2次后,催化剂结构趋于稳定,吸附穿透时间维持在70 min左右.研究发现,催化剂表面形貌和孔径的变化与床层温度场的分布呈正相关关系.     

Empirical Estimation of Stream Discharge Using Channel Geometry in Low‐Gradient,Sand‐Bed Streams of the Southeastern Plains

Manning's equation is used widely to predict stream discharge (Q) from hydraulic variables when logistics constrain empirical measurements of in‐bank flow events. Uncertainty in Manning's roughness (n_M) is the major source of error in natural channels, and sand‐bed streams pose difficulties because flow resistance is affected by flow‐dependent bed configuration. Our study was designed to develop and validate models for estimating Q from channel geometry easily derived from cross‐sectional surveys and available GIS data. A database was compiled consisting of 484 Q measurements from 75 sand‐bed streams in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina (Southeastern Plains), and Florida (Southern Coastal Plain), with six New Zealand streams included to develop statistical models to predict Q from hydraulic variables. Model error characteristics were estimated with leave‐one‐site‐out jackknifing. Independent data of 317 Q measurements from 55 Southeastern Plains streams indicated the model (Q = A_cR_H^0.6906S^0.1216; where A_c is the channel area, R_H is the hydraulic radius, and S is the bed slope) best predicted Q, based on Akaike's information criterion and root mean square error. Models also were developed from smaller Q range subsets to explore if subsets increased predictive ability, but error fit statistics suggested that these were not reasonable alternatives to the above equation. Thus, we recommend the above equation for predicting in‐bank Q of unbraided, sandy streams of the Southeastern Plains.