Environmental Implication of Intensive Farming Practices on North China Plain

1 INTRODUCTION Growing pressure on the land of North China Plain (NCP - a food bowl of the country, has made many of th traditional farming practices increasingly difficult to sustain such as manuring, composting, mulching, legume-based rotations, field levelling and fertilizing with mud from rivers and canals. The pressure on the farmlands has also led to a decrease in farm sizes and shortened fallow periods To cope with this pressure on the land and to maintain its fertility, farmers …     

我国餐厨废物生化处理设施恶臭排放特征分析

选择目前国内餐厨废物成功进行资源化处理的代表性城市西宁、北京和宁波,分别对其处理处置情况进行调研并设置采样点,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)对各企业主要恶臭排放工段的恶臭物质进行定性定量分析,采用三点比较式臭袋法对各企业主要恶臭排放工段的臭气浓度进行测试分析.结果表明,餐厨垃圾生化处理企业的排放物质种类主要为醇、醛、酮、酯的含氧烃类,但对恶臭贡献最大的是含硫化合物,其次是萜烯类物质;综合西宁、宁波和北京的调研及分析结果,可初步考虑餐厨垃圾生化处理设施典型恶臭物质为乙醇、柠檬烯、硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚、乙醛、乙酸乙酯.     

基于力学分析的深井煤与瓦斯突出临界值研究

为研究应力对深井煤与瓦斯突出工作面的影响,采用力学模型分析了平行六面微元体各个面的受力情况,结合煤体强度理论和矿山压力理论,从煤体所受瓦斯压力、地应力和煤体破坏条件等方面入手,研究了三轴应力态下煤体力平衡问题.探讨了瓦斯压力、地应力、煤壁支撑力等参数和煤与瓦斯突出之间的关系.结果表明,煤与瓦斯突出的瓦斯压力临界值由采场内的应力、煤壁支撑力和煤的力学参数等确定,综合考虑上述因素后,对煤与瓦斯突出预测时瓦斯压力临界值进行了理论推导和关键参数修正,建立了包含应力、采场条件和煤的力学参数的推算瓦斯压力临界值的理论模型,并对理论模型的可靠性进行了分析.突出实例的反演表明在深部开采时,如果不考虑应力对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,会出现预测结果偏差而影响安全生产.建立的理论模型可对这种偏差进行分析和校正.     

基于改进EMD—小波阈值联合去噪的城市地下管线识别与定位

探地雷达(GPR)目标回波信号极易由于背景杂波的干扰而被淹没。为了有效滤出杂波,提出了一种改进的EMD-小波阈值联合去噪法,即用改进的基于统计特性和自相关函数特性的EMD去噪法对回波信号进行预处理,在此基础上对EMD分解后的噪声主导模态分量进行小波阈值处理,最后进行信号的重构。结果表明,该联合去噪法不仅可以有效地滤除杂波,而且最大限度地保留了目标回波有用信号,从而使去噪后的回波剖面为城市地下管线的识别与定位提供了可靠的图像解释资料。     

危险化学品重大危险源辨识中的问题与对策

危化品企业在根据《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》(GB18218-2009)进行重大危险源辨识的过程中,有四个问题较难解决或处理,即危化品水溶液临界量的确定、重大危险源辨识物质法定范围的确定、部分物质临界量设置不合理、如何确定危险物质的存在量.针对这四个问题提出了相应的对策:对危化品水溶液,其临界量的确定可依据水溶液的主要危害特性,对照《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》(GB18218-2009)中的表2进行确定；对不属于危险化学品,但又具有易燃、易爆、有毒特性的危险物品,如果其数量超过类似危化品的临界量,建议参照危化品重大危险源进行相应的安全管理；对于危险物质临界量的确定,建议按照危险源可能造成的事故危害后果或范围推算确定；对于危化品实际数量的确定,建议按照企业可能存在的最大量或设计量进行计算.     

Effects of Harvesting Flowers from Shrubs on the Persistence and Abundance of Wild Shrub Populations at Multiple Spatial Extents

Abstract: Wildflower harvesting is an economically important activity of which the ecological effects are poorly understood. We assessed how harvesting of flowers affects shrub persistence and abundance at multiple spatial extents. To this end, we built a process‐based model to examine the mean persistence and abundance of wild shrubs whose flowers are subject to harvest (serotinous Proteaceae in the South African Cape Floristic Region). First, we conducted a general sensitivity analysis of how harvesting affects persistence and abundance at nested spatial extents. For most spatial extents and combinations of demographic parameters, persistence and abundance of flowering shrubs decreased abruptly once harvesting rate exceeded a certain threshold. At larger extents, metapopulations supported higher harvesting rates before their persistence and abundance decreased, but persistence and abundance also decreased more abruptly due to harvesting than at smaller extents. This threshold rate of harvest varied with species’ dispersal ability, maximum reproductive rate, adult mortality, probability of extirpation or local extinction, strength of Allee effects, and carrying capacity. Moreover, spatial extent interacted with Allee effects and probability of extirpation because both these demographic properties affected the response of local populations to harvesting more strongly than they affected the response of metapopulations. Subsequently, we simulated the effects of harvesting on three Cape Floristic Region Proteaceae species and found that these species reacted differently to harvesting, but their persistence and abundance decreased at low rates of harvest. Our estimates of harvesting rates at maximum sustainable yield differed from those of previous investigations, perhaps because researchers used different estimates of demographic parameters, models of population dynamics, and spatial extent than we did. Good demographic knowledge and careful identification of the spatial extent of interest increases confidence in assessments and monitoring of the effects of harvesting. Our general sensitivity analysis improved understanding of harvesting effects on metapopulation dynamics and allowed qualitative assessment of the probability of extirpation of poorly studied species.     

中国高污染产业转移与整体环境污染——基于区域间相对环境规制门槛模型的实证

首先借鉴Copeland-Taylor模型,引入相对环境规制强度变量,构建了产业转移影响环境污染的理论模型.在此基础上,利用我国2000~2016年30个省份的面板数据,采用门槛回归方法,以相对环境规制强度作为门槛变量,进行全样本、区域异质性和时期异质性回归分析,并以线性回归方法作为对比,最后进行稳健性检验.结果表明,高污染产业转移与环境污染之间呈现逐渐递增的非线性关系,随着相对环境规制强度由低门槛逐渐到高门槛,高污染产业转移所带来的环境污染问题也愈发严重;环境规制对环境污染的改善作用不大;我国不存在环境库兹涅兹曲线;资本存量、产业结构和能源消费的提升均会加剧环境污染;劳动力成本和质量的提高能够改善环境污染.     

物流产业集聚对碳排放跨区域转移的作用机制

基于2002~2015年中国多区域投入产出表（MRIO）数据,结合中介效应和动态门槛效应模型,检验物流产业集聚对物流业碳转移的影响机制,并拓展性地就物流产业集聚对物流业碳转移方向的非对称性影响进行研究.结果表明：物流产业集聚与碳转移之间呈显著的正向关系.物流产业集聚不仅直接促进碳转移,还通过信息化运作和交通运输压力作用于物流业碳转移.信息化运作约束下,物流产业集聚对物流业碳转移的影响总体呈倒U字型特征;交通运输压力作用下,物流产业集聚对物流业碳转移的影响呈梯度式增强特征.物流产业集聚对物流业碳转移的影响在方向上具有非对称性特征.     

盘锦地区稻田田面水氮素动态变化及化学氮肥投入阈值研究

以水稻为供试作物,水稻土为供试土壤,采用田间定位试验的方法,以施肥后田面水中的总氮（TN）、NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N浓度为指标,进行了施氮后田面水中氮素释放规律研究。结果表明,施肥后田面水中的总氮（TN）、NH4＋-N和NO3--N浓度随着施肥量的增加而增加,随着时间的推移三者的浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,一周后趋于稳定;以氮素表观盈余率和植株吸氮量为指标,从环境安全角度研究水稻生产化学氮肥投入阈值,初步确定试验区环境安全化学氮肥投入阈值为189.22～218.98 kg·hm^-2;以水稻产量为指标,进行了粮食安全氮肥投入阈值研究,初步确定试验区水稻生产粮食安全化学氮肥投入阈值为202.24～288.89 kg·hm^-2。综合考虑粮食安全和环境安全,试验区化学氮肥投入阈值为202.24～218.98 kg·hm^-2。     

Methods of Compliance Evaluation for Ocean Outfall Design and Analysis

Sewage discharge from an ocean outfall is subject to water quality standards, which are often stated in probabilistic terms. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been used in the past to evaluate the ability of a designed outfall to meet water quality standards or compliance guidelines associated with sewage discharges. In this study, simpler and less computer-intensive probabilistic methods are considered. The probabilistic methods evaluated are the popular mean first-order second-moment (MFOSM) and the advance first-order second-moment (AFOSM) methods. Available data from the Spaniard's Bay Outfall located on the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada, were used as inputs for a case study. Both methods were compared with results given by MCS. It was found that AFOSM gave a good approximation of the failure probability for total coliform concentration at points remote from the outfall. However, MFOSM was found to be better when considering only the initial dilutions between the discharge point and the surface. Reasons for the different results may be the difference in complexity of the performance function in both cases. This study does not recommend the use of AFOSM for failure analysis in ocean outfall design and analysis because the analysis requires computational efforts similar to MCS. With the advancement of computer technology, simulation techniques, available software, and its flexibility in handling complex situations, MCS is still the best choice for failure analysis of ocean outfalls when data or estimates on the parameters involved are available or can be assumed.