Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Reductions in a Riparian Buffer Enrolled in the NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

Riparian buffers have been used for many years as a best management practice to decrease the effects of nonpoint pollution from watersheds. The NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (NC CREP) has established buffers to treat groundwater nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃^?‐N) from agricultural sources in multiple river basins. A maturing 46 m wide riparian buffer enrolled in NC CREP was studied to determine its effectiveness in reducing groundwater NO₃^?‐N concentrations from a cattle pasture fertilized with poultry litter. Three monitoring blocks that included groundwater quality wells, water table wells, and soil redox probes, were established in the buffer. NO₃^?‐N concentrations decreased significantly across the buffer in all of the monitoring blocks with mean reductions of 76‐92%. Many biological processes, including denitrification and plant uptake, may have been responsible for the observed NO₃^?‐N reductions but could not be differentiated in this study. However, mean reductions in Cl^? concentrations ranged from 48‐65% through the blocks, which indicated that dilution was an important factor in observed NO₃^?‐N reductions. These findings should be carefully considered for future buffer enrollments when assigning nitrogen removal credits.     

论环境风险预防原则中的风险阈值

如何把环境风险预防原则确立为环境法的基本原则,一个重要的问题就是"环境风险"的界定。通过对法律意义上的环境风险进行分析,指出确立风险阈值的原因,即我国对"环境风险"的界定不清,环境风险的风险性缺乏法定依据以及不同种类的利益之间存在冲突等,进而从明确环境风险的类型、评估环境风险量度、明确责任归结三方面思考了风险阈值的确立问题。     

多米诺效应阈值研究进展

多米诺效应阈值是表征破坏效应相关物理参数的限值,是判断是否会引发多米诺效应的评判准则,是多米诺效应定量评价的开端。在对国内外多米诺效应研究成果分析的基础上,介绍了多米诺效应及其阈值,综述了引发多米诺事故扩张的三种物理效应阈值（即：热辐射阈值、超压阈值和碎片阈值）的研究现状。     

碱性土壤锌镉比对小麦籽粒镉积累的影响

我国北方地区小麦镉(Cd)污染形势严峻.土壤锌(Zn)与Cd存在显著的交互作用,但两者关系尚不明确.本研究通过区域调查及大田实验,探究了北方碱性小麦土壤锌镉比(Zn/Cd)与小麦籽粒Cd含量的相关关系.结果表明,土壤Zn/Cd与小麦籽粒Cd含量显著负相关.施加硫酸锌(增Zn)及深翻耕措施(降Zn)均能显著提高土壤Zn/Cd,并降低小麦籽粒Cd含量.其中,增施100 mg·kg^-1的Zn²⁺,可将土壤Zn/Cd增加61.2%,并使小麦籽粒Cd含量降低9.28%;将土壤0~30 cm及30~60 cm土层互换的深翻耕措施,可将土壤Zn/Cd增加45.8%,并使小麦籽粒Cd含量降低13.5%.综合区域调查及大田实验数据,发现当土壤Zn/Cd小于50时,小麦籽粒Cd含量全部超标且有98.4%的样品超标1倍以上;而当土壤Zn/Cd大于100时,小麦籽粒Cd含量超标风险显著降低至11.9%.该阈值的确定对于小麦Cd污染防治具有指导意义.     

3种烤烟中Cd分配累积规律及土壤Cd安全临界值的研究

为保证烤烟生产的安全,降低重金属对人体的毒害,对植烟土壤重金属安全临界值进行推算.通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了3个烤烟品种翠碧1号、K326和云烟87对Cd的累积和分配规律,土壤中Cd2+添加量分别为0、0.5 mg/kg、1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg,并采用回归分析方法计算了植烟土壤Cd的安全临界值.结果表明,烤烟Cd质量比受外源Cd添加量影响较大,下部叶Cd质量比总是高于其他部位.随Cd添加量增大,各部位Cd质量比上升且差别逐渐增大.Cd在土壤-根的转移系数较低,地上部各部位对土壤Cd转移系数的平均值表明,翠碧1号对Cd富集能力略强,而K326较弱.外源Cd的添加导致土壤-下部叶Cd的转移系数达最高,Cd在根-下部叶的转移系数明显高于其他部位间的转移系数,并使Cd在烤烟植株各部位间的转移系数呈先增后降的趋势.烤烟地上部的Cd累积量均高于根部,其中中、下部叶Cd累积量最多,而上部叶较少.经推算得出,烤烟叶片Cd的最高允许质量比为5.79 mg/kg,由烤烟中部叶Cd质量比与土壤有效Cd质量比的回归模型得到,3种烤烟的植烟土壤的安全临界值分别为0.17 mg/kg(翠碧1号)、0.19 mg/kg(K326)和0.15 mg/kg(云烟87),云烟87的土壤安全临界值可以作为制定福建烟区土壤Cd的安全临界值依据.     

40种典型恶臭物质嗅阈值测定

结合国内外文献及对各恶臭排放单位的恶臭样品分析测试结果,选取包括硫化物、含氮化合物、苯系物、烯烃及含氧有机物在内的40种典型恶臭物质进行嗅阈值测试.按照我国恶臭污染嗅觉测试的标准方法——三点比较式臭袋法(GB/T 14675-93)对每种物质的嗅阈值进行了测定,得到了我国典型恶臭物质嗅阈值库,并对40种物质的嗅阈值(体积分数)范围进行了高、中、低区间划分,高阈值为10-1×10-6～10×10-6,中阈值为10-3×10-6～ 10-2×10-6,低阈值为10-5 × 10-6～ 10-4×10-6.分别对40种物质进行了气味品质描述,初步分析了恶臭物质分子结构与阈值的关系,不同类物质产生的气味品质有很大差异,苯系物主要呈现芳香气味,硫化物以硫化氢为代表产生臭鸡蛋气味,含氮化合物产生刺激的氨的气味,醛类和酯类以花香型或果香型气味为主,酸类以汗臭味为主.通过实例介绍了嗅阈值在恶臭污染控制中的应用,结果表明,在恶臭污染防治与控制中,选择有效去除阈稀释倍数最大的恶臭物质是一种重要的恶臭防治途径.     

Inter-Laboratory Comparison of No2 and SO2 Generated by Dynamic Dilution System Under Laboratory Conditions: A Technical Discussion

A workshop on analytical quality control (AQC) of ambient air quality measurement methods for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) was conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for officials involved in National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) in India. Concentrations of NO₂ and SO₂ were generated by dynamic dilution system under laboratory conditions at low and high levels and measured using static dilution system and wet chemical methods laid down by CPCB under section 16(2)(h) of the air act 1981. CPCB provided the measured values as reference values for comparing the means obtained by the officials participated from thirteen organizations. A tolerance limit of ±15% of the reference values was specified to accept the results. Generated concentrations, which were unknown to the participants, were measured using gaseous sampling assembly (Envirotech APM 411, New Delhi, India), and wet chemical methods laid down by CPCB i.e. the same methodology which is used by the organizations to generate the data of NO₂ and SO₂ in ambient air. Simultaneously, concentrations were checked by CPCB using automatic analyzers as a check on reference concentration. It is observed that results of automatic analyzers for NO₂ and SO₂ were within a tolerance of ±5% with %RSD below 3. On the other hand, results of most of the participants showed variability in the measurements with %RSD ranging between ±0.8 and ±88.6 and exceedences of means from the tolerance limit with bias ranging between 1.4 and −59%. To check the cause of high variability in the measurements obtained under identical conditions, duplicate sampling was performed by one of the participants for SO₂ at low concentration level. In this study, results of wet chemical methods, automatic analyzers and results of duplicate sampling are analysed statistically to assess the cause of high variability in the measurements. Analysis of t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed highly significant results for NO₂ and SO₂ at high concentration levels (α 0.05) and for SO₂ at both the levels (α 0.01) respectively indicating some bias is existing either in the sampling or in analytical technique. Duplicate sampling performed to check precision in parallel measurements showed high %RSD indicating the presence of systematic error in sampling technique as the same calibration factor (CF) was used to measure the concentration of duplicate samples. Statistical analysis of flow rates of duplicate sampling showed that the sampling assembly could not maintain the constant flow rate within the ±10% with that measured at the start of the sampling. This resulted in high %RSD and deviation from the reference values for the results of most of the participants, even after accepting ±15% tolerance limit. There is a need to improve and evaluate this gaseous sample collection device under laboratory conditions to generate reliable database of NO₂ and SO₂ in ambient air.     

同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定氯化石蜡工业品中二噁英

氯化石蜡（CPs）作为一种用途广泛、产量大的有机氯化学工业品,具有组成多样、基质复杂等特点,对其中产生的二噁英（PCDD/Fs）检测是当前工作面临的难题。建立了同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法检测CPs工业品中PCDD/Fs的分析方法。对样品净化过程进行了优化,通过提取溶剂筛选,去除固体CPs中部分基质,建立的双活性炭柱法可高效去除CPs基质。方法采用¹³ C₁₂标记的PCDD/Fs内标物进行定性和定量分析。17种PCDD/Fs同系物的检出限为0.1～3 pg/g,回收率为31.7%～100%。该方法可对高纯度工业品中痕量持久性有机污染物进行高效的定性和定量分析,能够满足国家标准方法对PCDD/Fs检测的要求。     

多孔喷头射流特性的实验研究

在没有密度分层的容泄水体条件下,对某污水排海工程多孔喷头的射流特性进行了实验研究。文中介绍了不同排污流量和环境流速条件下,多孔喷头附近的流速场和污水场特性;并对出流平均稀释度作了分析。最后,还对该喷头周围的冲淤形态进行了探讨.文中所得的结果对实际排污系统的设计和进一步研究有一定的参考价值。      

经济全球化能够有效抑制“一带一路”沿线国家的生态足迹吗?——来自动态门槛面板模型的经验证据

基于1993-2013年“一带一路”沿线55个国家的平行面板数据,运用Hansen动态面板门槛模型,以经济发展水平（人均GDP）为门槛变量,检验经济全球化与生态足迹之间的关系。研究结果表明：在不同的经济门槛范围内,经济全球化对生态足迹存在不同的影响。当经济发展水平小于等于3905美元时,经济全球化水平的提高能够显著降低生态足迹;当经济发展水平超过第一门槛值3905美元时,经济全球化水平对生态足迹的影响从显著抑制转变为促进作用,但是不显著;而当经济发展水平跨越第二门槛值8778美元时,经济全球化水平的提高能够显著刺激生态足迹的提高。当前“一带一路”沿线国家主要集中在第一门槛区间和第三门槛区间,经济全球化对生态足迹的影响出现两极分化态势,其中在第三门槛区间的国家在参与全球化的过程中应对资源的可持续利用引起充分重视,这关系到全球化的可持续发展和“一带一路”建设的顺利推进。