淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫阈值研究

为揭示煤炭资源型城市煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫作用的阈值效应,在构建煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫阈值模型的基础上,从土地破坏、地下水资源破坏、大气污染3个维度分析估算了淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务的胁迫阈值,并探究了1990~2016年该地区煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫作用时序变化规律.结果表明：淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务的胁迫作用存在显著的阈值效应,其中,土地破坏、地下水资源破坏、大气污染3大胁迫因子的胁迫阈值分别为1803.19hm²、33253.23×10⁴t和888.81×10⁸m³.1990~2016年淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫作用呈现显著的阶段性特征,其中,1990~2009年该地区煤炭开采所造成的土地破坏、地下水资源破坏、大气污染均未超过阈值范围,生态系统服务运行状况良好;但是在2010年之后,由于该地区煤炭开采造成的地下水资源破坏超出阈值范围,从而导致该地区生态系统服务出现恶化趋势,不过2015年以来恶化趋势有所减缓.因此,该地区必须加快绿色矿区建设,加大生态环境治理力度,着力防范煤炭开采对生态系统服务的胁迫作用超出阈值范围,以保障经济增长与生态环境统筹协调可持续发展.     

基于成本收益理论的宅基地自愿有偿退出有效阈值——以改革试点区宜城市为例

宅基地退出是有效缓解城乡建设用地之间的矛盾、促进乡村振兴的重要手段。在梳理宅基地有偿退出路径的基础上构建宅基地价值补偿体系,按照政府能承受、农户能接受、工作可持续的原则,基于成本收益理论科学测定在不同模式下宅基地自愿有偿退出的有效阈值。结果表明：（1）宅基地退出补偿阈值是农户能接受的最小值和政府能承受的最大值所组成的补偿范围。（2）农户退出宅基地损失的机会成本和退出总成本之和小于最小阈值时农户愿意有偿退出,最大阈值低于宅基地、地上附属设施权利价值和退出总成本之和。（3）“异地改造”模式下,政府处于主导地位,资金来源较少,实际补偿金额接近最小阈值。“一户多宅”模式下,政府和农户诉求相当,补偿金额偏向中位数。“整体搬迁”和“社区化”模式下,农户处于主导地位,政府补偿资金来源较多,实际补偿金额趋向最大阈值。     

Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

中国典型城市PM2.5浓度时空演绎规律及影响因素分析

为探讨空气中ρ（PM_2.5）的空间集聚特征和气候、大气成分变量对空气中ρ（PM_2.5）的影响,利用首批纳入PM_2.5监测的74个城市的ρ（PM_2.5）数据计算Moran's I指数,并选取其中38个典型城市进行计量分析.在基于引力模型的空间权重矩阵基础上,构建面板数据SDM（空间面板杜宾模型）.结果表明:ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（CO）、ρ（O₃）、RH（relative humidity,相对湿度）与城市ρ（PM_2.5）呈正相关,而T（temperature,温度）和WS（wind speed,风速）与城市ρ（PM_2.5）呈负相关;ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）、RH是位于前3位影响城市ρ（PM_2.5）的关键性因素,其总效应分别为0.720 1、0.241 7、0.133 9.地理上邻近城市ρ（PM_2.5）具有明显的外部空间溢出效应,即邻近城市ρ（PM_2.5）每增加10百分点,将导致该地区ρ（PM_2.5）增长6.12百分点.300 km左右是保证PM_2.5区域"联防联控"最佳效果的最大门槛距离,超过该门槛距离,区域"联防联控"的力度和效果会随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱;当门槛距离大于500 km时,ρ（PM_2.5）的空间自相关性不显著.气候变量中,RH和ρ（PM_2.5）呈同方向变化,而T、WS与ρ（PM_2.5）呈反方向变化.研究显示,关注单一地区或单一因素（气候或大气成分）均不能有效控制PM_2.5污染,在保持经济稳定增长的前提下,各地治理PM_2.5应从调整产业结构、优化能源结构、完善防控机制等多个维度共同推进,促使经济增长方式早日从"粗放型"向"集约型"转变.      

金属飞片对EFI起爆能量的影响

目的降低EFI的发火能量,研究非金属飞片与金属飞片在EFI中的应用。方法采用飞片材料匹配的方法,并选择金属Al与金属Ti,开展金属飞片的设计与制备,得到Al-PI与Ti-PI的金属飞片以及金属飞片-爆炸桥箔metallic flyer,并开展发火摸底试验。结果在不额外对金属飞片进行绝缘处理的情况下,含有金属飞片的EFI均未发火;对金属飞片进行绝缘处理后,含有金属飞片的EFI均可靠发火。采用光子多普勒测速仪(PDV)进行的飞片速度测试结果表明,在充电电压为1200 V时,Ti-PI金属飞片的速度为3604 m/s,金属飞片-爆炸桥箔一体化换能元速度为2986m/s。结论同样的发火电压下,金属飞片-爆炸桥箔一体化换能元的金属飞片速度明显小于绝缘层较厚的金属飞片速度。     

生态旅游区环境变化与可持续旅游发展——以张家界为例

生态旅游区在扩大接待能力，增加旅游注入的同时，不可避免地破坏了景区生态环境。既要接持更多的过夜游客，增加旅游收入，又要使旅游区生态系统维持在安全的水平上，开发建设规模多大为宜，这是许多生态旅游区亟待解决的问题。本文提出了基于环境脆弱因子的建设规模容限值计量模型，并在典型的生态旅游区张家界进行了验证。通过计算得出了在不同的建设规模条件下，张家界景区最为脆弱的环境因子-总磷含量的变化状态。实证研究表明，宾馆规模容限值模型是分析生态旅游区环境变化可持续发展的有效工具。     

On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions

A methodology to determine the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions is explored. Unlike other methods which have been used to measure burning velocities from closed vessel explosions, this approach belongs to the category which does not involve observation of a rapidly moving flame front. Only the pressure–time curve is required as experimental input. To verify the methodology, initially quiescent methane–air mixtures were ignited in a 20-l explosion sphere and the equivalence ratio was varied from 0.67 to 1.36. The behavior of the pressure in the vessel was measured as a function of time and two integral balance models, namely, the thin-flame and the three-zone model, were fitted to determine the laminar burning velocity. Data on the laminar burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio, pressure and temperature, measured by a variety of other methods have been collected from the literature to enable a comparison. Empirical correlations for the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity have been reviewed and two were selected to be used in conjunction with the thin-flame model. For the three-zone model, a set of coupled correlations has been derived to describe the effect of pressure and temperature on the laminar burning velocity and the laminar flame thickness. Our laminar burning velocities are seen to fall within the band of data from the period 1953–2003. A comparison with recent data from the period 1994–2003 shows that our results are 5–10% higher than the laminar burning velocities which are currently believed to be the correct ones for methane–air mixtures. Based on this observation it is concluded that the methodology described in this work should only be used under circumstances where more accurate methods can not be applied.     

基于BP神经网络不同输入变量的爆破振速预测

以某隧道爆破开挖为实例,利用BP神经网络解决复杂非线性函数逼近问题的能力,以最大段药量、爆心距、爆破分段数、泊松比、岩石基本质量指标作为影响爆破振动速度的主要因素,选取不同维数的输入变量建立BP神经网络模型来预测爆破振动速度。对比分析各组预测值与实测值之间的相对误差,选取合理维数的输入变量建立了爆破振动危害预测的BP神经网络模型。     

Numerical simulation of far-field blast loads arising from large TNT equivalent explosives

Large TNT equivalent explosions usually arise from accidents occurring during the transportation, storage, and manufacturing of chemicals relevant to process industries. The blast wave generated by the explosion will spread and interact with the surrounding factories and storehouses, damaging the building structures within several kilometers and causing significant casualties and property losses. This study aims to develop an efficient numerical simulation method to predict blast loads to estimate the consequences of accidents involving far-field free air bursts or surface burst explosions. Before its interaction with the interested target, a blast wave is generated in the numerical model by specifying the initial and boundary conditions of the disturbed air. Based on empirical data of incident overpressure, an explicit formula to calculate the air particle velocity is derived from the governing equations of a perfect inviscid gas. A simplified path line method is proposed to calculate the air density. The proposed method is applied to the LS-DYNA CESE solver to simulate the blast loads on building structures in the far field. Validations against empirical data and experiments indicate that the proposed method is sufficiently accurate for engineering applications and, through a case study, presents a more efficient performance than the LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED (LBE) and mapping methods.     

On the parameterization of the roughness length for the air-sea interface in free convection

The roughness length at the air-sea interface during free convection (z_0fc) is mainly related to the convective velocity (w_*) rather than the friction velocity (u_*). The parameterization of z_0fc with w _* ² /g as proposed by Abdella and DAlessio in 2003 is evaluated. It is shown that their proposed formula is consistent with field measurements. In order to avoid self-correlation by using u_*, a new parameterization of w_* with wind speed (U_z) at height z and stability parameter (z/L, where L is the buoyancy length) is proposed. This new formula for w_* is in agreement with an independent field result.