Predictors of restraint use among child occupants

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify factors that predict restraint use and optimal restraint use among children aged 0 to 13 years.

Methods: The data set is a national sample of police-reported crashes for years 2010–2014 in which type of child restraint is recorded. The data set was supplemented with demographic census data linked by driver ZIP code, as well as a score for the state child restraint law during the year of the crash relative to best practice recommendations for protecting child occupants. Analysis used linear regression techniques.

Results: The main predictor of unrestrained child occupants was the presence of an unrestrained driver. Among restrained children, children had 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.27, 2.17) times higher odds of using the recommended type of restraint system if the state law at the time of the crash included requirements based on best practice recommendations.

Conclusions: Children are more likely to ride in the recommended type of child restraint when their state's child restraint law includes wording that follows best practice recommendations for child occupant protection. However, state child restraint law requirements do not influence when caregivers fail to use an occupant restraint for their child passengers.     

唐古拉坳陷中-新生代高钾钙碱性火山岩及其成岩构造环境

藏北唐古拉坳陷中央隆起带与北部凹陷带海相体罗－白垩纪地层中，夹杂一套以高钾安山岩、高铝玄武岩为主体的高钾钙碱性火山岩系列。主要岩石类型有玄武岩、高铝玄武岩、高钾安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩及流纹质角砾凝灰岩。根据火山岩产出特征和全岩同位素年龄测定，将本区火山活动划分为中生代晚期和老第三纪两个旋回。这套火山岩系的REE、相容元素和不相容元素分布特点与造山带火山岩类似；在构造判别图解上，其投影点均落在造山带大山岩区域内。对火山岩特征分析表明，它们的形成与俯冲作用有关，显示出在俯冲造山带的构造背景下演变而来。     

东南沿海中生代安山岩的地质意义

在中国东部大陆边缘中生代火山岩带中 ,东南沿海火山岩岩性岩相出露最全 ,火山地质调查研究程度较高。以往的研究主要集中于大面积酸性火山岩和与之共生的玄武岩 ,而对安山岩注意不够。作为过渡性岩类 ,安山岩的成因研究对于探讨中生代火山岩带物质来源、岩浆分异演化、大地构造背景等具有不可替代的作用。近年来在东南沿海新生代玄武岩中陆续发现了一些基性麻粒岩包体 ,为研究底侵作用与壳幔作用过程提供了珍贵的实物材料。结合基性麻粒岩包体的研究 ,进行系统的安山岩成因研究 ,对于研究中生代火山岩带成因、进而探讨东部大陆边缘形成演化动力学过程 ,具有重要意义     

胶带运输巷水幕抑制火灾烟气效率影响因素实验研究

针对胶带运输巷火灾时期有毒烟气蔓延严重威胁工作人员的生命安全问题,提出利用水幕阻烟法抑制火灾烟气传播,搭建小尺寸实验台研究水幕对矿井巷道火灾烟气的阻挡效果。通过分析火灾烟气的运移规律,测量温度分布、非水溶性火灾烟气体积分数的变化,检验矿井运输巷内设置水幕阻烟的有效性。实验结果表明:水幕开启后,其下游空间烟气体积分数降低,能够有效阻止火灾烟气的扩散;水幕远离烟气源、增加水幕层数、水幕向上喷射、喷头压力增大均能够提高水幕的阻烟效果。实验为矿井巷道等地下建筑的防排烟设计提供了思路,对火灾的救援与人员的疏散具有重要意义。     

基于消防规划的东京防火对策与启示

为推动中国城市火灾防范能力提升,通过介绍日本东京借助消防规划手段进行防火救火的先进经验,并对其防火生活圈、防火绿化带、紧急通道网络、不易燃烧化项目、防灾体制与计划等防火对策经验进行阐述,同时基于这些方面内容的阐述发现我国城市火灾防范领域尚存在很大空间。基于这些分析和阐述,最后指出东京防火经验对中国的可借鉴之处,并为中国的消防规划防火之路提供一个参考方向。     

布托别山金成矿带构造特征

布托别山金矿带为新疆多拉纳萨依金矿田的西矿带.其构造作用主要经历三期:早期,区域右旋剪切形成一类规模较大的同斜、紧闭、倾竖型褶皱;中期,左旋剪切形成一套由“B”型转换成“A·B”过渡型系列柔性褶皱;晚期,在左旋剪切条件下,产生滑劈理群和微观变形,并叠加于前两期构造之上.构成一条特别醒目的NNW向脆-韧性剪切带。金矿化体严格受这一剪切带控制.     

Seat belt use and fit among drivers aged 75 years and older in their own vehicles

Objective: This article aims to describe seat belt wearing patterns and quality of seat belt fit among drivers aged 75 years and older. A secondary aim is to explore associations between body shape, comfort, and seat belt use patterns.

Methods: This is an observation and survey study of a cohort of 380 drivers aged 75 years and over. During home visits, photographs were taken of the drivers in their vehicles for later analysis of belt fit and a short survey was also administered to collect demographic data and information about seat belt use and comfort. Seat belt fit and use of belt and seat accessories were analyzed from the photographs.

Results: Data from 367 participants with photographs were analyzed. Whereas 97% reported using a seat belt and 90% reported their seat belt to be comfortable, 21% reported repositioning their seat belt to improve comfort. Good sash and lap belt fit were achieved in 53 and 59% of participants, respectively, but only 35% achieved overall good fit. Both poor sash and lap belt fit were observed in 23% of participants. Drivers who were in the obese category had over twice the odds (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–4.1) of having a poor lap belt fit than those in the normal body mass index [BMI] range, and drivers who were overweight had 1.8 times the odds (95% CI, 1.1–2.9) of having poor lap belt fit. Older females also had twice the odds (95% CI, 1.3–3.5) of poor lap belt fit compared to older males, regardless of BMI. Sash belt fit did not vary significantly by BMI, stature, or gender. However older drivers who reported that they had not made any adjustments to the D-ring height had 1.7 times the odds of having poor sash belt fit than those who made adjustments (1.2–2.9). Females were 7.3 times more likely to report comfort problems than males (95% CI, 3.2, 16.3) but there was no association between reported comfort and BMI or seat belt fit. Drivers who reported comfort problems had 6 times the odds (3.2–13.6) of also reporting active repositioning of the belt.

Conclusions: The results suggest that older drivers face challenges in achieving comfortable and correct seat belt fit. This may have a negative impact on crash protection. Belt fit problems appear to be associated with body shape, particularly high BMI and gender. There is a need for further investigation of comfort accessories; in the interim, older drivers and occupants should be encouraged to use features such as D-ring adjusters to improve sash belt fit.     

景德镇市跨世纪产业发展与布局

９０年代，随着国家长江开放开发和沿京九线开发战略的确立，作为邻江邻线的景德镇市有了千载难缝的历史机遇。从区位条件分析，景德镇市发展应该立足于昌九景三角区域发展的总体目标，确定自己的产业发展重点，设计合理的产业布局。     

河道型水库岸边污染带特性分析

大型水利枢纽工程的兴建,改变了河流水流条件,也影响了污染物在水体中的稀释、扩散、降解和转化过程,其岸边污染带的影响范围将发生变化.笔者通过对湖南衡阳水源污染事件发生时的水流条件、水质状况的分析,对事件发生的水域进行流场及浓度场模拟计算,研究了河道型水库与天然河流岸边污染带的变化特性,并对已通过环境影响评价,但又易被忽视而引起的环境问题,提出了一些初步看法与认识.