保留带与造林带的小气候和水分比较研究

比较分析了保留带与造林带的小气候和水分效应结果显示：①保留带的日均温比造林带低0．6～2．6℃，每天13：00时两带温差最大；保留带的月均温比造林带低0．5～2．2℃，两带6～8月的月均温差最大．②保留带的日均温度比造林带高10～15％，每天13：00时两带湿度相差最大；保留带的月均湿度比造林带高8．3～15．5％，两带6～8月的月均湿度相差最大．③造林带的光明强度是保留带的30～50倍，是未砍带的43～58倍．保留带和造林带不同位点的光照强度随一天中时刻的变化而发生更替．④保留带灌丛对降雨的拦截率为22．61％～64．15％．⑤保留带与造林带和未砍带土壤的自然含水率差异主要出现在0～10cm的表土层，且雨季的差异大十旱季的差异在雨季，保留带土壤的含水宰大于造林带的含水率，在旱季则相反．     

上海城市河岸带对降雨径流氮垂直去除研究

在上海市城市河岸带人工绿地建设了微区径流场,进行了5次模拟降雨径流实验,研究了人工绿地岸带下渗流中氮浓度和去除率的时空变化。结果表明：人工绿地岸带对垂直下渗流中氮有显著的净化作用,且主要集中于土壤的0~30 cm以内,TN和NH4+去除率在399%和398%以上,NO3-+NO2-去除率除11月为负值外,其余月份均在100%以上;在30~60 cm深度,由于土壤氮的析出导致径流中氮浓度增加,去除率降低;而60~90 cm深度的去除率增加。径流场内下渗流中氮浓度具有明显的水平空间变化,随距入水端距离的增加,30 cm深度下渗流中氮浓度先上升后下降;人工绿地岸带对下渗流中氮的净化作用均随淹水时间的延长呈降低趋势,且季节变化明显,在10月和4月具有较高的去除率,0~30 cm内TN、NH4+和NO3-+NO2-的去除率可分别达635%、891%和416%以上     

花岗岩风化壳的不均一性与海岸带的可蚀性研究——以南海北大陆海岸带为例

海岸带岩土动力学特征的差异是影响海岸侵蚀过程与方向的重要因素之一。南海北大陆海岸带主要由花岗岩风化边坡组成。通过对该海岸带的北东翼及西南翼典型花岗岩风化壳剖面的黏土矿物及风化指标研究发现,两者存在不均一性：横向上,北东翼黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石为主;西南翼黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石和绿泥石为主,两翼均未见较明显的蒙脱石。相同层位比较,西南翼黏土矿物总量高于北东翼。垂向上,自地表到深部,北东翼黏土矿物组合及总量无明显的分层性,而西南翼则呈明显的分层性且地表含量明显高于深部。海岸带的风化作用也存在明显的不均一性：表现为横向上,北东翼海岸带风化程度要稍弱于西南翼;垂向上,北东翼化学风化指标n（Al2O3）/n（SiO2）,n（Fe2O3＋Al2O3）/n（SiO2）,n（TiO2）/n（Al2O3）、CIA在风化壳中呈无规律变化,而西南翼则呈明显的分层性,这种分层基本与表土层、红土层及砂土层成一定的对应关系。从化学可蚀性指标来看,由南海北大陆海岸带花岗岩风化壳演化而成的土壤均为强抗蚀性,但相同层位比较,北东翼可蚀性要稍弱于西南翼剖面。研究认为,组成南海北大陆海岸带的花岗岩风化壳之黏土矿物与风化作用的不均一性可很大程度影响海岸带的可蚀性。     

秦岭-大别造山带的盆-山体系演化及其区域环境效应

造山带和盆地，作为在时-空演化和构造动力学系统中有关联的构造体。不仅在空间上相互依存，而且在深部结构、物质迁移及动力学机制上密切相关。首先利用磷灰石裂变径迹实验手段。分析了秦岭-大别造山带的隆升与剥露速率，运用构造变形组合分析和构造-热模拟相结合得出主要地质事件，并着重揭示出中新生代秦岭-大别造山带存在多阶段的差异隆升与剥露现象，得出一个定性和定量后造山剥露过程的区域演化模式。然后，在综述中新生代秦岭-大别造山带演化过程及其区域环境效应的基础上，以长江三峡的形成和长江水系变迁的关系，以及三峡工程的兴建及其导致洞庭的变迁为例，探讨了盆-山体系演化过程对地貌景观的变化、水系变迁、生态环境演替以及流域系统演变的影响。     

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Abstract

Objective: The introduction of integrated safety technologies in new car models calls for an improved understanding of the human occupant response in precrash situations. The aim of this article is to extensively study occupant muscle activation in vehicle maneuvers potentially occurring in precrash situations with different seat belt configurations.

Methods: Front seat male passengers wearing a 3-point seat belt with either standard or pre-pretensioning functionality were exposed to multiple autonomously carried out lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers while traveling at 73?km/h. This article focuses on muscle activation data (surface electromyography [EMG] normalized using maximum voluntary contraction [MVC] data) obtained from 38 muscles in the neck, upper extremities, the torso, and lower extremities. The raw EMG data were filtered, rectified, and smoothed. All muscle activations were presented in corridors of mean?±?one standard deviation. Separate Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed on volunteers’ muscle activation onset and amplitude considering 2 paired samples with the belt configuration as an independent factor.

Results: In normal driving conditions prior to any of the evasive maneuvers, activity levels were low (<2% MVC) in all muscles except for the lumbar extensors (3–5.5% MVC). During the lane change maneuver, selective muscles were activated and these activations restricted the sideway motions due to inertial loading. Averaged muscle activity, predominantly in the neck, lumbar extensor, and abdominal muscles, increased up to 24% MVC soon after the vehicle accelerated in lateral direction for all volunteers. Differences in activation time and amplitude between muscles in the right and left sides of the body were observed relative to the vehicle’s lateral motion. For specific muscles, lane changes with the pre-pretensioner belt were associated with earlier muscle activation onsets and significantly smaller activation amplitudes than for the standard belt (P?<?.05).

Conclusions: Applying a pre-pretensioner belt affected muscle activations; that is, amplitude and onset time. The present muscle activation data complement the results in a preceding publication, the volunteers’ kinematics and the boundary conditions from the same data set. An effect of belt configuration was also seen on previously published volunteers’ kinematics with lower lateral and forward displacements for head and upper torso using the pre-pretensioner belt versus the standard belt. The data provided in this article can be used for validation and further improvement of active human body models with active musculature in both sagittal and lateral loading scenarios intended for simulation of some evasive maneuvers that potentially occur prior to a crash.     

安全带整体静负荷试验机的研制及应用

安全带是有效地预防高处作业人员因意外坠落而受到身体伤害的必要防护装备。本文根据GB6095—2009《安全带》、GB／T6096—2009《安全带测试方法》标准中安全带整体静态负荷试验的要求,对安全带整体静负荷试验机的研制与应用开展一些调研和探讨,希望对从事安全带检验的机构和安全带生产的企业中的科研、检验人员提供一些感性的认知和帮助。     

城市绿化的发展思路 --绿色空间建设

分析了传统城市绿化过程中存在的对城市绿化理解的不足,提出了城市绿色空间的概念,是对城市绿化概念的拓展。分析了目前我国城市绿化存在的一些问题,并针对这些问题,对传统园林绿化忽略的一些问题进行了论述,指出城乡交错带的绿化、城市自然保留地、特殊空间绿化、绿色廊道建设、郊野公园建设、废弃地的绿化等是城市绿化重要的有机组成部分,在城市绿化建设过程中应该得到重视     

可散式弹链拉断力变化规律研究

目的 确保弹箱内的弹链(抱弹状态)在库房存放一段时间后依然稳定供弹,描述可散式弹链拉断力在不同温度环境下的变化规律.方法 应用环境作用动力学理论,建立可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,求解可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,得到可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分方程通解,再通过高温加速试验数据,求得可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分...     

Tracking land cover change along the western edge of the U.S. Corn Belt from 1984 through 2016 using satellite sensor data: observed trends and contributing factors

The Cropland Data Layers (CDL) are high-resolution geo-referenced data products made available by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. However, the CDL lacks in its ability to be employed as a tool to identify the impact of the gradually evolving drivers of land use change, e.g., climate change, due to its limited historical depth. We implement a robust, phenology-based satellite image classification algorithm to identify historical cropland allocation in eastern South Dakota and North Dakota predating the initial CDL by 13 and 22 years, respectively. Five major land covers, i.e., corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa and grass (including native grass, hay and pasture) are identified using archived Landsat-5 surface reflectance data, while achieving CDL-like accuracy. The long-term rate of grassland loss during 1985–2011 is found to be significantly lower (26,781 hectares or 1.5% annually) relative to the near-term rate of grassland loss during 2006-’11 (84,545 hectares or 5.2% annually). We find similar discrepancy in regional corn expansion rates. Our value-added raster data provide opportunities for improved identification of land use drivers, whereas relying solely on the CDL’s restricted historical extent may lead to biased land use change estimates and misguide policy.