用带式压滤机处理含油污泥

对中油集团锦州石化分公司污水处理场的含油污泥装置进行了改造，介绍了带式压滤机处理含油污泥的机理，特点及工艺流程，从装置近10个 月的运行效果看，生产运行指标，达到了设计要求，同时，带式压滤机处理含油污泥仍具有一些不足之处。     

生物防火林带的效益及营造技术

阐述了生物防火林带在森林防火、经济建设和生态保护方面的作用和效益,分析了在防火树种选择、防火林带营造方面应遵循的原则和应注意的问题。     

长江经济带PM2.5分布格局演变及其影响因素

2000年以来,长江经济带高强度的人类社会经济活动引发了严峻的环境污染问题,灰霾污染尤为严重.研究该区域PM_2.5浓度的时空格局与影响因素是落实新发展理念、推进区域大气污染综合防治的迫切需要.本文基于遥感反演数据,研究了2000～2016年长江经济带PM_2.5浓度分布格局的演变过程,利用地理加权回归模型揭示了自然和社会经济因素对其影响的时空非平稳性.结果表明:①PM_2.5浓度分布总体表现为东高西低,且城市群污染特征明显.②以2007年为界, 2000～2016年PM_2.5年均浓度经历了逐年上升和波动下降的过程,年均浓度由27.2μg·m^-3上升至44.1μg·m^-3后, 2016年降至33.6μg·m^-3.污染范围则先由长三角城市群、长江中游城市群和成渝城市群核心区域向四周快速扩展, 2007年后开始往回收缩.③空间自相关分析表明,PM_2.5浓度分布有显著的正空间自相关性,热点持续稳定地分布在上海、江苏、安徽中北...     

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Abstract

Objective: Highly reclined postures may be common among passengers in future automated vehicles. A laboratory study was conducted to address the need for posture and belt fit in these seating configurations.

Methods: In a laboratory vehicle mockup, the postures of 24 men and women with a wide range of body size were measured in a typical front vehicle seat at seat back angles of 23°, 33°, 43°, and 53°. Data were gathered with and without a sitter-adjusted headrest. Posture was characterized by the locations of skeletal joint centers estimated from digitized surface landmarks.

Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that the pelvis rotated rearward and lumbar spine flexion decreased with increasing recline. The lap portion of the 3-point belt was more rearward relative to the pelvis in more-reclined postures, and the torso portion crossed the clavicle closer to the midline of the body. Regression equations were developed to predict posture and belt fit variables as a function of passenger characteristics, seat back angle, and the use of the headrest.

Conclusions: Spine posture changes as the torso reclines in an automotive seat, and belt fit is altered by the change in posture. The results can be used to accurately position crash test dummies and computation human models and to guide the design of belt restraints.     

Implications of head and neck restraint test repeatability for specification improvement

Objective: Since 2005, National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Incorporated (NASCAR) drivers have been required to use a head and neck restraint system (HNR) that complies with SFI Foundation, Inc. (SFI) 38.1. The primary purpose of the HNR is to control and limit injurious neck loads and head kinematics during frontal and frontal oblique impacts. The SFI 38.1 performance specification was implemented to establish a uniform test procedure and minimum standard for the evaluation of HNRs using dynamic sled testing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of the current SFI 38.1 test setup and explore the effects of a polyester seat belt restraint system.

Method: Eight sled tests were conducted using the SFI 38.1 sled test protocol with additional test setup constraints. Four 0° frontal tests and 4 30° right frontal (RF) oblique tests were conducted. The first 3 tests of each principal direction of force (PDOF) used nylon SFI 16.1 seat belt restraint assemblies. The fourth test of each PDOF used polyester SFI 16.6 seat belt restraint assemblies. A secondary data set (Lab B Data) was also supplied by the HNR manufacturer for further comparisons. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 18571 objective comparison method was used to quantify the repeatability of the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) resultant head, chest, and pelvis acceleration and upper neck axial force and flexion extension bending moment time histories across multiple tests.

Results: Two data sets generated using the SFI 38.1 test protocol exhibited large variations in mean ISO scores of ATD channels. The 8 tests conducted with additional setup constraints had significantly lower mean ISO score coefficients of variation (CVs). The Lab B tests conducted within the current specification but without the additional test setup constraints had larger mean ISO score standard deviation and CV for all comparisons. Specifically, tests with the additional setup constraints had average CVs of 3.3 and 2.9% for the 0° and 30° RF orientations, respectively. Lab B tests had average CVs of 22.9 and 24.5%, respectively. Polyester seat belt comparisons had CVs of 5.3 and 6.2% for the 0° and 30° RF orientations, respectively.

Conclusion: With the addition of common test setup constraints, which do not violate the specification, the SFI 38.1 test protocol produced a repeatable test process for determining performance capabilities of HNRs within a single sled lab. A limited study using polyester webbing seat belt assemblies versus the nylon material called for in SFI 38.1 indicates that the material likely has less effects on ATD upper neck axial force and flexion extension bending moment time histories than the test setup freedom currently available within the specification. The additional test setup constraints are discussed and were shown to improve ATD response repeatability for a given HNR.     

Population-based assessment of a vehicle fleet with seat belts providing lower shoulder belt forces than today

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify the population-based effects of a lower shoulder belt load limit on front row occupants in frontal car crashes.

Method: Crashes of modern vehicles from the GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) are corrected for bias and projected to the national level. Injury risk functions are computed for the injury severity levels Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 2+, MAIS 3+, and fatal, stratified by 2 age cohorts (16–44 years of age and 45 years or older). To assess the field effectivity of a “softer belt,” the projected crash frequency data are modified separately for the 2 age cohorts such that its risk structure represents the risk of a softer belt. Given those 2 samples, the field effectivity of a softer belt is derived for several shares of the younger age cohort according to the injury severity levels MAIS 2+, MAIS 3+, and fatal.

Results: The injury risk distribution of the projected crash frequency data, represented here by the injury risk functions obtained, fits well into the injury risk distribution of other data sets (Sweden, United States, and Japan) given in the literature. The relative effects of a lower belt force are stable over the different ratios of the younger and old age cohorts. At the MAIS 2+ level, a lower belt force can significantly reduce the number of injuries (about 10%). A lower belt force does not significantly affect the number of MAIS 3+ injuries. A lower belt force can, however, more than double the number of fatal injuries.

Conclusions: Because the number of fatal injuries rises dramatically due to lower belt force, the reduction in the number of MAIS 2+ injuries comes at a very high cost. Therefore, whether reducing the belt force limit is the right approach is questionable.     

干熄焦地下皮带通廊焦粉燃爆可能性研究

为研究干熄焦焦粉燃爆的可能性,在某焦化厂干熄焦输焦皮带机头和除尘站两个位置,取焦粉尘样进行工业分析和粒度分析,并测量地下皮带通廊代表段的焦粉尘浓度。分析显示,干熄焦地下皮带通廊焦粉水分较低,均低于3%;所选两个位置的粒度分布较为接近;实验测得所取焦粉尘的爆炸下限质量浓度在160~180 g/m~3之间。现场地下皮带通廊焦粉质量浓度值最高为8.95 g/m~3,远低于其爆炸下限,燃爆的可能性较低。     

黄河对滨海湿地地表水可溶性盐的影响研究

对滨海湿地黄河周边地表水的可溶性盐分差异进行研究,结果表明:距离黄河越远,地表水pH越小,电导率越大;垂直河道地表水全盐含量为,黄河水<距河道5 Km农田附近地表水<距河道7 Km柽柳附近地表水<距河道8 Km碱蓬附近地表水,反映出黄河对周边的淡水补给.在雨季,地表水中HCO3-含量被稀释,使得pH高于旱季,而电导率、全盐含量小于旱季;阴离子中的氯离子以及阳离子中的钠离子含量较大、尤其是碱蓬群落附近的地表水,反映出植被对环境的适应与改善.     

韧性剪切带的地球化学变异研究──以胶南造山带北缘剪切带为例

胶南造山带北缘剪切带，随着变形程度的增强，其构造岩的岩石化学成分发生明显的变异；在总结成分变异特征的基础上，分析了成分变异与体积变化、渗流流体作用的关系．确定了体积变化是造成构造岩成分变异的主要原因；同时存在大量的渗流流体作用，造成一些组分的迁移。在此基础上，讨论了花岗质构造岩在韧性变形过程中成分的迁移规律。     

大别-胶南造山带温泉中天然气地球化学特征

大别－胶南造山带温泉气中的CO2含量较低（多数在1．00％以下）．δ13C变化范因为－20．34‰至－3．0‰，主要为源于地壳浅层的有机成因气。整个造山带各温泉气体成分均以N2为主（90％左右），其来源除大气N2以外，可能为地壳岩石释放或地层中有机体演化形成。稀有气体同位素组成表明，Ar主要来源于大气，He为壳内岩石放射成因。本区温泉气体地球化学特征可能与现今中国东部的构造应力场有关，即大别－胶南造山带可能正处于紧密挤缩的构造环境，难以形成深部幔源气体脱排和运移的通道。本区温泉气的研究不仅有助于探讨天然气地质理论，而且有助于揭示造山带现今的构造运动、岩浆活动和水文地球化学特征。