Two-dimensional numerical and eco-toxicological modeling of chemical spills

The effects of chemical spills on aquatic nontarget organisms were evaluated in this study. Based on a review of three types of current eco-toxicological models of chemicals, i.e., ACQUATOX model of the US-EPA, Hudson River Model of PCBs, and critical body residual (CBR) model and dynamic energy budget (DEBtox) model, this paper presents an uncoupled numerical ecotoxicological model. The transport and transformation of spilled chemicals were simulated by a chemical transport model (including flow and sediment transport), and the mortalities of an organism caused by the chemicals were simulated by the extended threshold damage model, separately. Due to extreme scarcity of data, this model was applied to two hypothetical cases of chemical spills happening upstream of a lake. Theoretical analysis and simulated results indicated that this model is capable of reasonably predicting the acute effects of chemical spills on aquatic ecosystems or organism killings.     

三峡库区地质灾害防治的经济效益探析——以湖北省秭归县为例

在回顾和评述防灾减灾经济效益评价方面的理论研究基础上,以秭归县为例分析了三峡库区地质灾害防治的经济效益,认为国家对三峡库区投入的地质灾害治理资金发挥巨大的经济效益,保障了库区人民的生命财产安全,并指出了目前灾害防治经济效益评价中的不足。     

对活性污泥中6种内分泌干扰物的定量测定

针对活性污泥中6种内分泌干扰物（Endocrine Disrupting Compounds,EDCs）：双酚A（BPA）,雌酮（E1）,17β-雌二醇（E2）,雌三醇（E3）,17α-乙炔雌二醇（EE2）和己烯雌酚（DES）,建立了快速溶剂萃取（Accelerated Solvent Extractor,ASE）,固相萃取（SPE）净化,GC-MS检测的测试方法.对比分析了不同衍生化试剂、衍生化条件对分析结果的影响,同时优化了净化步骤.通过所建立的方法对6种EDCs在污泥中的浓度进行分析,检测回收率为77.2%—118.3%,相对标准偏差小于9%.应用该方法测定了重庆某2个污水处理厂剩余污泥中的EDCs浓度.     

大气颗粒物暴露与健康效应研究进展

大气颗粒物一直是影响我国大多数城市空气质量的首要污染物,且呈现出与欧美不同的煤烟、机动车尾气以及开放源复合型污染并存的高浓度污染态势,已有研究发现颗粒物的短期或长期暴露均会对人体产生不良的健康效应。本文从环境科学、暴露科学、环境流行病学和环境毒理学研究等方面系统综述了大气颗粒物健康效应研究的方法和进展,可为我国的大气颗粒物健康效应研究与大气颗粒物环境质量标准的修订提供方法学参考和经验借鉴。目前我国PM10污染尚未得到有效控制,细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染也已引起关注,建议在不同区域开展空气污染健康效应的系统研究。     

环境内分泌干扰物在人工湿地中的去除研究

考查了水平潜流人工湿地对城市生活污水中的8种内分泌干扰物去除效果。结果表明:在水力负荷为0.17m/d,水力停留时间为4.6 d情况下,水平潜流人工湿地对雌激素酮(E1)、雌激素三醇(E3)、双酚A(BPA)、辛基酚(OP)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、17a-雌二醇(17a-E2)、17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的平均去除率分别为81.4%、39.3%、73.9%、44.1%、69.7%、82.2%、65.2%。其中,4-正壬基酚(4-n-NP)在湿地出水中未检测到。人工湿地中内分泌干扰物去除效果沿程变化结果表明,湿地前段对内分泌干扰物的去除效果优于后段,说明人工湿地前段微生物的降解更有效。     

铜、砷单一及复合污染对黑藻的毒性效应

通过室内模拟试验,研究了铜(Cu)、五价砷〔As(Ⅴ)〕单一及复合污染对黑藻〔Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle〕生长、富集Cu和As的能力以及对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.毒性测试结果表明,Cu和As(Ⅴ)对黑藻的4 d-EC₅₀分别为2和12 μmol/L,单一Cu对黑藻的毒性远高于As(Ⅴ). 复合污染试验结果表明,对于5 μmol/L As(Ⅴ)处理组,低浓度Cu〔c(Cu)<2 μmol/L〕的加入,促进了植物生长,降低了植物体内的As总量〔w(As)〕,同时降低了植物体中占主要部分的三价砷的含量(w〔As(Ⅲ)〕). 对于Cu处理组,As(Ⅴ)的加入同样抑制了黑藻对Cu的富集,SOD活性也高于单一Cu处理,可见在低浓度Cu处理下,Cu和As(Ⅴ)之间存在拮抗作用;而高浓度Cu〔c(Cu)≥2 μmol/L〕的加入,虽然植物对Cu和As(Ⅴ)的富集与单一Cu和As(Ⅴ)处理相比均显著降低,但植物生长受到抑制,SOD活性与单一处理相比也显著降低(P<0.05),因此高浓度Cu处理下,二者对黑藻毒性起协同作用. 总之,黑藻具有应用于处理低浓度Cu和As(Ⅴ)单一及复合污染水体的潜力.      

Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: A multi‐wave analysis

This study advances the limited research on work alignment and work engagement by investigating how perceived alignment of job tasks and organizational strategic priorities (strategic alignment) influences work engagement. Measures of job control and work social support were also included to enable comparisons between strategic alignment and other well‐established job resources. A total of 1011 employees of an Australian state police service responded to three electronic, self‐report surveys. A reciprocal model was assessed over three waves of data, with varying time lags: 18 (Time 1 to Time 2), 12 (Time 2 to Time 3), and 30 months (Time 1 to Time 3). Longitudinal, reciprocal relationships were observed for work engagement and job control, strategic alignment, and colleague support. Work engagement also predicted supervisor support over time (reverse effect). This study demonstrated that, in addition to job resources, perceived alignment of job tasks and organizational priorities plays an important role in maintaining high levels of work engagement over time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国粮食生产时空变化及其耕地利用效应

基于粮食产量计量模型,运用LMDI方法,分解中国粮食生产时空变化的耕地利用四因素（规模、结构、强度、程度）,结果表明：1978-2012 年,耕地利用变化对粮食生产的累积效果表现为强度效应最大,结构效应和程度效应其次,规模效应最小。其间,造成粮食增量的强度效应逐步减弱,程度效应由负转正并渐强;造成粮食减量的结构效应逐步加大,规模效应后期显著放大。1996-2008 年,粮食生产出现从东南沿海地区向北部和西部内陆地区的空间转移,主要是因为沿海地区城镇密集,耕地利用结构变化与规模变化对粮食的减量效应更为明显,甚至有复种下调出现程度负效应,而耕地利用强度变化对粮食的增量效应相对较小,内陆农区耕地利用效应则呈相反趋向。由此论文最后探讨国家粮食可持续增产的耕地利用策略。     

低温等离子体-催化协同净化有机废气研究进展

低温等离子体-催化协同净化技术是一种理想的环境污染治理技术,催化剂的加入可有效地提高废气治理的净化效果和二氧化碳的选择性,减少副产物的产生,并进一步降低能耗。分析了低温等离子体-催化协同净化有机废气的协同作用机理,阐述了反应器结构、催化剂参数、电参数以及工艺参数等对反应器性能的影响,并指出今后研究的发展方向。     

Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D in vitro model of the human epithelial airway

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o^?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO _x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?相似文献