广州番禺大气成分站挥发性有机物的污染特征

应用GC/FID在线挥发性有机物(VOCs)检测仪,于2011年6月~2012年5月在中国气象局广州番禺大气成分观测站进行了1a的连续监测,获得了具有高时间分辨率的VOCs组成、含量及其时间变化规律.结果表明:VOCs浓度月变化范围是(40.99~65.400)×10-9,月平均浓度48.10×10-9,冬季VOCs浓度高于夏季.VOCs日浓度变化范围是(35.10~59.13)×10-9.VOCs组分随季节变化所占比例不同,烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃全年平均所占比例分别为58%、16%和26%.采样点在7月份没有周末效应,而在12月份表现出显著周末效应.国庆长假期间的大气VOCs浓度比国庆节放假前、后均有大幅度降低,降幅分别达到39.3%和56.7%.采样点的大气VOCs浓度与风速呈负相关性.当风向为NNE、NE和SSW时,风速较大,VOCs的浓度较低;当风向为WNW和ENE时则相反.由于夏季温度高使溶剂挥发性和植物排放增强,所以导致BTEX(苯、乙苯、甲苯和二甲苯)和异戊二烯的浓度在夏季明显高于冬季.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

结合态雌激素的检测方法及污染现状

结合态雌激素是天然雌激素物质的一种重要赋存形态,在环境中可水解为自由态,产生内分泌干扰效应,因此具有潜在的环境风险,并且会影响天然雌激素污染调查和毒性评估的准确性.本文详细探讨了结合态雌激素特定的化学结构对其检测、转化及环境风险等方面的影响,对比分析了目前常用的几类检测方法的优缺点,并初步总结了其在污水处理设施和环境水体中的污染浓度及归趋,以期为我国开展相关研究工作提供参考.     

Media and bushfires: A community perspective of the media during the Grampians Fires 2006

This paper examines the ways residents in the Grampians area in the Australian state of Victoria used their local and their state and national based media before, during and after the 2006 bushfires (wildfires). The researchers were particularly concerned to understand how residents evaluated media sources as trustworthy and credible in relation to bushfire warnings and information about the fires delivered in the media.

Analysis of data derived from two separate focus group sessions conducted by the researchers reveals four main themes. (1) The media are perceived as part of a broader information gathering process. (2) Local knowledge is the most important aspect in broadcast information. (3) Members of small communities can feel disenfranchised and resentful of the media when media coverage focuses on larger towns, and (4) the effects of media reporting, including specific warnings, are both immediate and long lasting.

The paper explores some of the tensions that result from the ways rural residents use and distinguish between local/regional and metropolitan and out-of-state bushfire information; and it encourages better use of the local/regional media to increase community safety and awareness in relation to bushfire mitigation, preparedness and crisis management issues before, during and after the fires. It is suggested that risk communications professionals need to understand that when mediated risk-related communications are provided, a key evaluative criterion is whether or not those media and the messages represent and reflect local knowledge.     

四溴双酚A亚慢性呼吸暴露对Wistar雄性大鼠的毒性效应

为研究四溴双酚A(TBBPA)亚慢性呼吸暴露对大鼠的毒性效应,将36只健康的无特定病原菌级别(SPF级)Wistar雄性大鼠分为6组,分别为空白对照组、控制对照组和129、546、1 216、4 550μg·m-3TBBPA气溶胶染毒组,采用经口鼻呼吸暴露方式连续染毒90 d。暴露实验期间每天观察大鼠状态,每10天记录1次大鼠体重,于第91天解剖受试大鼠,分离主要脏器,并对肺组织进行病理检查。结果显示,与对照组比较,各暴露组大鼠肾脏及脾脏的脏器系数均有显著降低(P0.05);TBBPA工业品气溶胶暴露组大鼠肺部病变程度和病变发生率高于空白对照组及控制对照组。研究结果表明Wistar大鼠经亚慢性呼吸暴露TBBPA颗粒后,可能造成一定程度的肾、脾脏毒性效应和肺部炎症。     

高Cu、高Zn对白星花金龟幼虫的毒性作用

Cu(铜)和Zn(锌)是环境中最常见的重金属污染元素,为探究其对白星花金龟幼虫的毒性,采用滤纸接触法、人工土壤法和菌渣培养法研究了高Cu、高Zn对白星花金龟幼虫的生长及氧化胁迫效应。结果表明,滤纸接触法和人工土壤法中试验浓度Cu、Zn对白星花金龟幼虫死亡率无明显影响。菌渣培养法中虫体的取食抑制率和体重增长抑制率均与Cu、Zn浓度呈显著性正相关关系;Cu处理诱导了虫体可溶性蛋白含量的增加,抑制了SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、GST(谷胱甘肽转移酶)的活性和MDA(丙二醛)的产生,对CAT(过氧化物酶)活性没有显著影响;Zn浓度为3 500和5 000 mg·kg-1的处理组可溶性蛋白含量被显著诱导、MDA含量被显著抑制,浓度为2 000和6 500 mg·kg-1处理组的SOD活性被激活(P0.05),Zn胁迫未对CAT、GST活性造成明显影响。表明Cu、Zn污染对白星花金龟幼虫生长具有毒性效应,在评价高浓度的重金属污染对虫体的毒性作用时,不能仅采用SOD、CAT、GST等指标作为标志物,需要综合其他指标进行分析。     

玉米赤霉烯酮暴露导致的秀丽隐杆线虫生殖及发育毒性的世代间比较

利用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans)对玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)暴露导致的生殖、发育缺陷在世代间的可传递性进行了研究。对亲代染毒,后代断毒恢复,实验结果显示,ZEN暴露导致的体长发育缺陷可在线虫后代中得到恢复,而生殖毒性可产生严重缺陷,且这种缺陷在后代中没有明显的恢复。通过多代持续染毒实验,发现ZEN对亲代P0、子一代F1和子二代F2线虫产生的生殖和发育毒性存在差异,其毒性作用强度为P0F2F1。线虫世代之间的发育缺陷和生殖缺陷表现出逐代修复的规律,但修复程度不同,推测与线虫自身修复的复杂应激活动有关。     

汞和砷单一及联合暴露对日本沼虾的氧化应激效应

为深入探讨汞(Hg)和砷(As)对水生生物的慢性毒性效应,以日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)为受试生物,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、金属硫蛋白(MT)和丙二醛(MDA)为测试分子标志物,研究上覆水中不同浓度Hg和As单一及联合暴露对日本沼虾肝胰腺的氧化损伤及联合作用机制。结果表明:Hg和As单一及联合暴露对4种分子标志物均可产生不同程度的抑制或激活效应。其中,SOD活性均受到抑制,且高浓度As(1000μg·L-1)暴露10 d的抑制率最大,高达59.13%;而CAT活性整体被激活,Hg单独暴露下的激活效应要高于As,且在联合暴露组中随着暴露时间的增加呈现出显著的剂量效应关系(P0.05);MT和MDA含量在Hg和As的暴露下均显著增加(P0.05)。其中MT对Hg的螯合能力大于As,As单独暴露3 d后MDA变化较小,但10 d后其含量显著增加(P0.05)。析因方差分析发现,Hg-As对机体的联合作用机制主要表现为协同作用。综合生物标志物响应指数(IBR)评价证实,联合毒性要高于单独毒性,Hg与As在高浓度下联合暴露10 d的IBR值最大,毒性最强,高浓度As单独暴露处理组的毒性次之;同时,机体自身随暴露时间延长对Hg也表现出一定的解毒功能。     

Modeling radiative effects of haze on summer-time convective precipitation over North China: a case study

We modeled the impact of haze radiative effects on precipitation in North China. Shortwave heating induced by haze radiative effects would reduce heavy rainfalls. Convection was the key factor that whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed. Precipitation was often suppressed where CAPE, RH and updraft velocities were high. The impact of haze radiative effect on summertime 24-h convective precipitation over North China was investigated using WRF model (version 3.3) through model sensitivity studies between scenarios with and without aerosol radiative effects. The haze radiative effect was represented by incorporating an idealized aerosol optical profile, with AOD values around 1, derived from the aircraft measurement into the WRF shortwave scheme. We found that the shortwave heating induced by aerosol radiative effects would significantly reduce heavy rainfalls, although its effect on the post-frontal localized thunderstorm precipitation was more diverse. To capture the key factors that determine whether precipitation is enhanced or suppressed, model grids with 24-h precipitation difference between the two scenarios exceeding certain threshold (>30 mm or<-30 mm) were separated into two sets. Analyses of key meteorological variables between the enhanced and suppressed regimes suggested that atmospheric convection was the most important factor that determined whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed during summertime over North China. The convection was stronger over places with precipitation enhancement over 30 mm. Haze weakened the convection over places with precipitation suppression exceeding 30 mm and caused less water vapor to rise to a higher level and thus further suppressed precipitation. The suppression of precipitation was often accompanied with relatively high convective available potential energy (CAPE), relative humidity (RH) and updraft velocities.     

影响精确界定我国酸雨区空间分布的因素探讨

利用酸雨监测网的实测数据对影响精确界定我国酸雨区空间分布的因素进行了深入分析,结果表明:首要影响因素是酸雨监测网的站点数量及其空间分布,可导致在同一插值与地统计方法下所获得的酸雨区的分布存在较大差异;其次是选择正确、合适的空间插值方法及其相应参数的设置,反距离加权(IDW)插值法的重酸雨区分布比克里格(Kriging)插值法多而广;最后是精确的面积比测算方法,网格法计算的酸雨区面积比小于等值面法.建议我国酸雨监测网建设应优先在西藏、内蒙古北部及西部等地区布点,进行酸雨区空间分析时应采用多种插值方法进行比较与分析评估,确保在现有酸雨监测网的基础上获得精确、可靠的酸雨区空间分布.