云南省凤眼莲入侵现状及其引种得失分析

大规模外来种的引入是生物多样性下降主要原因之一,外来种的入侵已经引起了一系列的生态、经济、社会问题。从云南省凤眼莲入侵的现状,分析了入侵植物风眼莲引种的得失。对于风眼莲的控制及其治理主要有物理、化学以及生物方法,认为目前对风眼莲等入侵生物应采取综合治理的方法。同时引进植物外来种时,要对引进种的行为特性进行调查研究,注意其安全性。     

中庭式建筑紧急情况下人员安全疏散性能研究

为研究公共建筑紧急情况下人员安全疏散性能,建立模拟中庭式建筑人员疏散的二维随机元胞自动机模型,在模型中考虑人员距出口的距离、出口吸引力、人员绕行、墙壁和障碍物的排斥力等因素;对局部人员疏散受限区域,引入局部吸引力增强疏导。以由9个房间和一个中庭构成的建筑为例,计算紧急情况下人员的安全疏散性能,考虑局部吸引力和不考虑局部吸引力的结果进行比较。研究表明:元胞自动机模型能较好地模拟中庭建筑的人员疏散,得到各时刻人员分布情况和平均疏散时间,能反映出疏散过程中的"瓶颈"效应;排斥力和局部吸引力为受限区域人员提供正确的方向,模拟了疏散人群避开障碍物的智慧行为。     

Standardized error severity score (ESS) ratings to quantify risk associated with child restraint system (CRS) and booster seat misuse

Objective: Although numerous research studies have reported high levels of error and misuse of child restraint systems (CRS) and booster seats in experimental and real-world scenarios, conclusions are limited because they provide little information regarding which installation issues pose the highest risk and thus should be targeted for change. Beneficial to legislating bodies and researchers alike would be a standardized, globally relevant assessment of the potential injury risk associated with more common forms of CRS and booster seat misuse, which could be applied with observed error frequency—for example, in car seat clinics or during prototype user testing—to better identify and characterize the installation issues of greatest risk to safety.

Methods: A group of 8 leading world experts in CRS and injury biomechanics, who were members of an international child safety project, estimated the potential injury severity associated with common forms of CRS and booster seat misuse. These injury risk error severity score (ESS) ratings were compiled and compared to scores from previous research that had used a similar procedure but with fewer respondents. To illustrate their application, and as part of a larger study examining CRS and booster seat labeling requirements, the new standardized ESS ratings were applied to objective installation performance data from 26 adult participants who installed a convertible (rear- vs. forward-facing) CRS and booster seat in a vehicle, and a child test dummy in the CRS and booster seat, using labels that only just met minimal regulatory requirements. The outcome measure, the risk priority number (RPN), represented the composite scores of injury risk and observed installation error frequency.

Results: Variability within the sample of ESS ratings in the present study was smaller than that generated in previous studies, indicating better agreement among experts on what constituted injury risk. Application of the new standardized ESS ratings to installation performance data revealed several areas of misuse of the CRS/booster seat associated with high potential injury risk.

Conclusions: Collectively, findings indicate that standardized ESS ratings are useful for estimating injury risk potential associated with real-world CRS and booster seat installation errors.     

基于FMEA和模糊理论的海底管道建造期质量风险分析

为有效控制海底管道建造期间质量风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)法分析海底管道在此期间众多的质量风险因素。该方法是在传统FMEA方法基础上,结合专家经验和知识确定模糊语言术语集和模糊数,对各风险因素进行模糊评价,根据各风险因素的模糊风险优先度数值(FRPN)进行风险排序,确定涂敷涂层期间需重点关注的风险因素。结果表明:涂层耐阴极剥离、管道腐蚀余量、混凝土抗压强度、密度、涂层张力等性能不满足设计要求是海底管道在涂敷涂层期间质量控制的关键因素。     

基于激波理论的新兴煤矿煤与瓦斯突出事故研究

通过分析新兴煤矿煤与瓦斯突出事故,发现在事故中由于煤与瓦斯突出事故诱发了激波的生成,瞬间产生的巨大超压,引起风流逆向,大量瓦斯随逆向风流从突出地点扩散传播至二水平,接触卸载巷电机车架空线所产生的电火花,从而引发瓦斯爆炸事故。提出了突出激波对事故的影响并分析了突出激波的形成及其破坏作用,研究了影响突出激波破坏作用的影响因素,得出参与突出的瓦斯量和瓦斯压力是影响激波强度的关键因素。有助于了解突出后的气流动力演化规律,并为煤与瓦斯突出事故的防灾、救灾措施的制定以及提高矿井的抗灾能力提供了参考。     

客运专线桥梁的地震能量响应分析

在依据能量平衡原理建立的客运专线桥梁地震能量方程的基础上,考虑柔性地基效应和地震动特性的影响,利用大型有限元分析(FEA)软件ANSYS建立某客运专线双柱式桥墩的FEA模型。研究了考虑土-结构相互作用效应的客运专线桥梁进入非弹性状态后的地震能量响应以及各类能量在结构整体系统中的分配规律。分析结果表明:结构滞回耗能和阻尼耗能是客运专线桥梁消耗地震能量的主要方式,而土-结构相互作用和地震动峰值加速度(PGA)对客运专线桥梁的地震总输入能、滞回耗能、阻尼耗能有显著影响,不容忽视。     

纳滤去除水中的内分泌干扰物

采用陶氏DOW FILMTEC NF270芳香聚酰胺类复合纳滤膜处理水中内分泌干扰物——17α-乙炔雌二醇（EE2）,实验中分别考察了原液浓度、操作压力、pH值、Ca²⁺浓度及腐殖酸共存等不同条件下对EE2截留效果的影响。结果表明,NF270对于去除水中的EE2具有很好的效果,截留率可达到97.6%,而且,实验发现,原液浓度对EE2的截留效果影响较小;当操作压力为0.6 MPa时,膜对EE2的截留效果最好;而随着pH值和Ca²⁺浓度的增加,膜对EE2的截留率均呈上升趋势;而当腐殖酸存在时膜对EE2的截留率有明显提高,但同时也造成膜污染加剧和膜通量下降,特别是在EE2、腐殖酸和Ca²⁺共存时,膜污染更加严重。     

Behavior of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion in stored faba beans and its biological effects towards experimental animals

Sound whole-seed faba beans were treated with (methyl-¹⁴C) fenitrothion [O, O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate] at 5 and 10 mg insecticide/kg seeds, a dose normally used in practice. During the 30 weeks of storage period, the penetration and distribution of insecticide residues were studied. The amount of surface residues, internal residues and bound insecticide residues was estimated. Surface residues were found to decrease with the increase in time of storage, whereas internal residues showed a gradual increase with time apparently not dose dependent. Grain-bound residues increased with time and reached to its maximum (14–18%) after 24 weeks of storage. Chromatographic analysis of the internal extracts revealed the presence of the parent compound together with three main metabolites which were found in both free and conjugated form. Feeding mice for 90 days with a diet mixed with total internal fenitrothion residues in stored faba beans led to a reduction in body weight gain, and an appreciable decrease in cholinesterase activity of 32% for plasma and 15% for red blood cells (RBC_S) after two months of experiment. Also, a significant decrease was showed in both total protein and albumin concentration at the end of feeding period (90 days). Liver and kidney function, as well as lipid profile of treated mice significantly increased at the end of feeding period. After a one-month recovery period, all the examined blood parameters returned to about the control values except blood urea and serum triglyceride.     

The effects of ammonium sulphate and urea upon egg hatching and miracidial survival of Schistosoma mansoni

Abstract

The effects of various concentrations of ammonium sulphate and urea on egg hatching and miracidial survival of S. mansoni were tested in order to determine if the use of these fertilizers in the ricelands of the Republic of Cameroon could affect the transmission of schistosomiasis. Results indicate that hatching of eggs and survival of miracidia varied with concentrations of tested chemicals and times of exposure. Exposure of S. mansoni eggs to 0.20%‐1.00% ammonium sulphate or to 0.50%‐4.00% urea reduced their ability to hatch and produce miracidia. A chemical concentration of 1.00% ammonium sulphate or 4.00% urea was found to be sufficient to produce complete inhibition of hatching. High concentrations of both chemicals not only inhibited miracidial emmergence but also may be ovocidal. Results obtained from miracidial survival tests indicated that LC₅, LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values for ammonium sulphate were 0.07%, 0.80% and 10.61% after 2 hours of exposure; 0.03%, 0.16% and 0.90% after 4 hours of exposure; and 0.30%, 0.20% and 0.40% after 6 hours of exposure respectively. Similar statistical analyses revealed that the LC₅, LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values for urea were 0.22%, 1.90% and 16.25% after 2 hours of exposure; 0.28%, 0.57% and 1.14% after 4 hours of exposure; and 0.13%, 0.27% and 0.57%” after 6 hours of exposure respectively. Although the two fertilizers exerted some adverse effects on S. mansoni eggs and miracidia at relatively high concentrations, neither of them was found to be of practical value. Ammonium sulphate and urea concentrations effective in killing S. mansoni eggs and miracidia were about one to two orders of magnitude greater than the actual field application rates.     

Review on Fate,Toxicity, and Remediation of Perchlorate

Several issues regarding the adverse impacts of the chemical—perchlorate—have been identified recently. Perchlorate is a persistent chemical, and remains in water and soil, thereby accumulating in plants and animals. Fetuses suffer the most from perchlorate contamination. There are ongoing debates about the impacts, toxicity and health effects of perchlorate. Many studies have been conducted on its ecotoxicity and its effects, but standards do not exist for perchlorate. This study aims to review the sources, impacts, fate, transport and remediation of perchlorate.