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991.
Offshore wind energy development (OWED) is being pursued as a critical component in achieving a low-carbon energy economy. While the potential generating capacity is high, the cumulative effects of expansion of OWED on wildlife remain unclear. Since environmental regulations in many countries require analysis of the cumulative adverse effects (CAE) during permitting processes, this paper reviews the state of knowledge on CAE of OWED on wildlife. We synthesize ecological research on the effects of OWED on wildlife; delineate a framework for determining the scope of CAE assessments; describe approaches to avoiding, minimizing and compensating for CAE; and discuss critical uncertainties. 相似文献
992.
Evaluation of municipal solid waste composting kinetics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Most modern municipal solid waste (MSW) composting operations have emphasized the enhancement of decomposition of the organic fraction of the waste to comply with strict environmental regulations. This can be achieved once the composting process kinetics are well understood. This study examined process kinetics through experimentation with bench-scale reactors under controlled composting conditions to show the interdependence between biological, chemical and physical factors during composting of MSW. The effects of temperature, moisture content, waste particle size and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio on process kinetics were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that these factors should be carefully controlled in order to achieve optimum process performance. It has been found that the organic matter degradation during composting follows a first-order kinetic model. 相似文献
993.
国内外少数民族村寨旅游研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来,少数民族村寨的旅游发展引起了社会各界的广泛关注,旅游者对其兴趣浓厚,倍加青睐,国内外学者们纷纷探讨了适合少数民族村寨旅游发展的道路.归纳发现,国内外学者在研究内容上存在着一定的差异,通过总结他们集中探讨的问题,给我国少数民族村寨旅游发展提供一定的借鉴. 相似文献
994.
995.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2024,36(1):703-714
Nutrient levels in the artificial channel constructed for the Middle Route Project are significant indicators of water quality safety and aquatic ecological integrity for this large, inter-basin scheme. However, the distribution and transport of nutrients along the channel were poorly understood. Based on a time-series dataset as well as mass balance and material flow analysis methods, the water and nutrient transport fluxes in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project were identified in this study. The results indicate that the nutrient concentrations varied considerably with time, but there was no significant difference among the 30 stations of the main channel. Seasonal temperature difference was the major factor in the large fluctuations of water quality indicators over time. The nutrient loadings varied with the water volume outputs from the main channel to the water-receiving cities. Atmospheric deposition was an important source of nutrients in the main channel, accounting for 9.13%, 20.6%, and 0.635% of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur input from the Danjiangkou Reservoir, respectively. In 2021, a net accumulation of 988 tons of N, 29 tons of P, and 2,540 tons of S, respectively, were present in the main channel. The increase of these external and internal nutrient loadings would cause water quality fluctuation and deterioration in some local sections of the main channel. Our study quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of nutrient transport in the Middle Route and revealed the ecological effects on the aquatic environment, assisting authorities on the project to develop effective water conservation strategies. 相似文献
996.
In this article, nonlinear regression models for correlated count data are examined. Correlation within clusters is modelled by a multivariate Gaussian mixing process on the log-expectation scale. The regression parameters and the variance-covariance parameters of the mixing process are estimated using quasi-likelihood methods. An example involving temporal trends in hospital admissions for respiratory disease is used to illustrate the methods proposed. 相似文献
997.
998.
为了更准确地了解我国经济发展质量,深刻理解环境效率的含义,本文以全新视角对中国各省环境效率进行测量、分析。首先,基于中国各省农业和工业生产要素投入、期望产出和非期望产出,利用二次型方向性距离函数和收益函数的对偶关系,测算2011年至2013年中国大陆31个省份污染物的影子价格。其次,利用影子价格衡量污染物减排边际成本的优点,根据世界可持续发展工商理事会(WBCSD)提出的环境效率测度公式,研究各省的环境负荷、环境效率,针对环境效率在衡量经济发展质量过程中的缺陷,提出环境效率幻觉概念,结合二者对全国各省进行综合评判,结果表明:全国范围内的各省环境效率值基本呈逐年递增趋势;整体上环境效率值在东中西部呈递减,但东北各省的环境效率值已普遍低于西南各省,且差距有扩大的趋势;出现环境效率幻觉的省份较少,但随着经济"新常态"的出现,其数量在增加。再次,利用环境效率的上升和环境效率幻觉的下降判断,中国仅二分之一的省份环境质量在真正好转。最后,环境效率影响因素的分析表明:全国范围内,产业结构、人均收入以及对外贸易水平与环境效率正相关,政府规制与环境效率负相关,对各地区的影响却呈现出较大差异;政府规制在东部和中部地区对环境效率具有促进作用,且东部大于中部,而西部地区却存在负效应;产业结构在中部和西部地区对环境效率具有积极的促进作用,且西部大于中部,但是东部地区却存在着负效应;对外贸易的继续增加对东中部地区环境效率具有消极的影响,且东部大于中部,对西部地区环境效率有积极的促进作用。 相似文献
999.
城市规模对生态效率的影响及区域差异分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着城市规模的不断扩大,城市住房紧张、交通拥堵、环境恶化等问题开始日益凸显,如何从生态视角找到适度的城市规模是我国新型城镇化建设中面临的一个重要问题。本文以中国2003-2013年281个地级市为研究对象,通过建立空间计量和门槛面板模型研究了城市规模对生态效率的影响及其区域差异,研究结果表明,中国城市生态效率整体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,且区域差异较大,溢出效应较为明显;城市规模对生态效率的影响呈现N型曲线的特征,且呈现显著的区间效应,根据门槛内生性分类结果发现,当城市规模低于54.48万人时,生态效率随城市规模的扩张不断增加;当城市规模大于54.48万低于337.22万人时,城市规模扩张对生态效率的促进作用较大,当城市规模超过337.22万人这一门槛值之后,促进作用开始显著减小,说明基于生态效率的最优城市规模为337.22万人左右;而产业结构、技术水平等都对城市生态效率有明显的促进作用。基于以上结论,各城市应加强环境合作,减少环境污染溢出;对于规模较小的城市,应该依托周边大中城市,争取产业合作,通过完善城市基础设施建设,进行户籍、土地等制度改革,促进城市规模的扩大;对于规模居中的城市,应该以节约资源、保护环境为前提,推进适度规模的城镇化,真正实现城市从量到质的转变;对于规模较大的城市,可以建立新城区或城市群,完善城市近郊及周边交通、教育等公共资源配置,充分发挥聚集和发散效应,有效缓解人口过于集中和环境恶化带来的压力。综上,不同规模的城市应采取不同措施提高生态效率,推进城市走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的新型城镇化道路。 相似文献
1000.
In this paper we present an estimating equation approach to statistical inference for non-linear random effects regression models for correlated data. With this approach, the distribution of the observations and the random effects need not be specified; only their expectation and covariance structure are required. The variance of the data given the random effects may depend on the conditional expectation. An approximation to the conditional expectation about the fitted value of the random effects is used to obtain closed form expressions for the unconditional mean and covariance of the data. The proposed methods are illustrated using data from a mouse skin painting experiment. 相似文献