Partitioning of Cs-137 Between Sediment and Water From the Black Sea

As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of this material to adsorb radiocaesium. Batch tests were conducted in which Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq ml^-1 to 1,760 Bq ml^-1. This work was done in an argon atmosphere at 9.5°C, which is the average temperature of the sediment. Isotherms were linear for all cores and distribution ratios (R_D) calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1,660 ml g^-1. These isotherms fit a simplified Freundlich isotherm. Correlations of R_D to a number of sediment parameters describing texture and mineralogy were determined. A close relationship was observed between R_D for caesium and the percentage of illite contained in the samples.     

TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENT: SPATIAL TRENDS AND SORPTION PROCESSES1

ABSTRACT: Sediment bound trace metals are often examined for spatial trends such as downstream patterns or distance from a source. Spatial trends may indicate either differences in metal inputs, or, when considerable sediment variability exists, differences in sediment sorption processes. These two possibilities become important not only when sediment contamination is evaluated within an area, but also when regulatory agencies attempt to make equivalent among area decisions. Sediments from an urban watershed were examined for: (1) downstream trace metal trends and (2) sediment sorption relationships. Analyses determined that downstream trenda as related to metal inputs could not be recognized by analyzing the < 2mm (≤, sand) sediment size fraction. Conversely, the trace metal concentrations were found to be distinctly related to sediment characteristics. The watershed's metal concentrations are similar to those found in uncontaminated to slightly contaminated sediments in the United States.     

典型湿地沉积物中硝酸盐异化还原成铵的细菌群落结构的研究

为研究中国典型湿地沉积物硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程(Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)的群落组成,针对DNRA过程的功能基因nrfA进行高通量测序.选取中国典型湿地岸边带的表层沉积物8个样点,质控后每个样品得到60000条序列,在相似度≥90%得到279个OTUs进行生态学分析.由基因丰度值显示:8个湿地沉积物的丰度为(6.69±0.28)×10~7～(8.44±0.48)×10~8 copies g~(-1).多样性分析(OTUs水平)结果表明:本研究的湿地沉积物样点中,南方湿地沉积物样点的多样性要高于北方样点.对代表OTUs进行分类,共定义到8个门(Phylum),23个属(Genus).其中相对丰度最高的3个属为Anaeromyxobacter(24.71%)、Anaerolinea(9.70%)和Dokdonella(7.94%),表明三者在群落组成中占主导地位.PCoA分析(OTUs水平)表明南北方地区差异是导致中国湿地沉积物中DNRA菌群结构不同的最主要影响因素.结合沉积物理化因子分析,DNRA细菌的丰度与碳氮比、年平均降水量及年平均温度呈显著正相关.本研究在一定程度上揭示了中国典型湿地沉积物DNRA细菌的群落组成、多样性及其与环境因子的关系.     

Past changes in the abundance of diatoms as inferred from a sediment core from Hebe Haven, Saikung, Hong Kong

１　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ１－１　ＤｉａｔｏｍｓＤｉａｔｏｍｓ（ＣｌａｓｓＢａｃｉｌｌａｒｉｏｐｈｙｃｅａｅ）ａｒｅｃｏｍｍｏｎａｎｄｗｉｄｅｌｙｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｉｎｂｏｔｈｆｒｅｓｈａｎｄｍａｒｉｎｅｗａｔｅｒｓ（Ｍｏｓｅｒ，１９９６）．ＴｈｅｓｅｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｎｉｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｐｌａｎｔｓｆｉｘａｍａｊｏｒｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＥａｒｔｈ○ｓｃａｒｂｏｎ，ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｏｘｙｇｅｎ，ａｎｄｓｕｐｐｌｙｆｏｏｄｔｏａｎｉｍａｌｓｗｈｉｃｈｆｅｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍ（Ｄｉｘｉｔ…     

受污染底泥易地处理处置技术

从受污染底泥的形成和危害以及国内外对受污染底泥的研究入手，综述了受污染底泥综合整治技术框架的组成，并对其作了评价。着重讨论了受污染底泥易地处理处置技术方案确定的总体思路和方法，分析了确定受污染底泥易地处理处置技术方案中的疏浚技术、输送技术、预处理技术、去污染处理技术，最终处置与利用技术和污染残余物处理处置技术等技术单元的影响因素。     

潮汐河口区河汊与干流之间污染物输移过程模拟方法研究

利用一维圣维南水动力方程和二维浅水潮波方程模拟潮汐河口区河汊与干流之间水流衔接冲天 此基础上利用正交曲线坐标系下和直角坐标系下的二维对流扩散方程，并结合拉格郎日水团追踪法，模拟污染物在潮汐河口区河汊与干流之间的输移街接过程。最后论述此方法在珠江口虎门某工厂排污的预测中的应用。     

对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附特征---吸附等温线和吸附热力学

研究了对硝基苯酚在不同沉积物上的吸附等温线,比较分析了Linear方程、Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述吸附等温线的准确性和稳定性结果表明,Iinear方程更适合描述沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚的等温线对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附主要是溶质在沉积物有机质中的分配,其吸附热为-7 8 kJ@mol-1,主要的吸附作用力为疏水键力.对硝基苯酚在18个沉积物有机质上吸附自由能改变量为-5 4--7.2kJ@mol-1.标准自由能的变小是对硝基苯酚在沉积物有机质上吸附的推动力.     

中国的海洋海涂资源

我国的海涂面积巨大,随着中国耕地资源的不断减少及人口的迅速增加,海涂资源作为后备土地资源的重要性越来越突出。在分析中国海涂资源的分布、成因、类型后,指出了泥沙供应量、潮差是影响我国海涂发育的两大重要因素,探讨了海涂开发的现状及开发利用中存在的问题,进而根据海涂资源分布的自然特点、开发利用现状、经济技术条件、开发利用前景等因素对我国的海涂进行了利用区划。     

海南小海潟湖环境的破坏与治理

从口门稳定性的角度,分析了三大人为工程(太阳河改道、在通道口修筑北堤和封堵南汊道及约5 km2的潮滩被围垦)所起的作用以及波浪动力对小海口门演变的影响,认为小海潟湖潮汐通道在其演变进程中,由于潮汐弱而波能相对较强,目前仍属波浪作用为主型,依据自己多年的研究工作,首次提出以口门复式断面和通道分汊的方法对小海及该类型潟湖进行治理.     

The Role of a Salt Marsh Plant on Trace Metal Bioavailability in Sediments. Estimation By Different Chemical Approaches * (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background The presence or absence of vegetation can condition sediment characteristics. The main aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the sea rush Juncus maritimus on metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) availability to organisms living on or in estuarine sediments, from Douro River (NW Portugal), by comparing the characteristics and chemical behaviour of rhizosediments (collected within the plant assemblage) and those of sediment (collected around the plant). In order to evaluate whether and how sediment characteristics condition the role of plants on metal availability, sandy and muddy sediments colonised by J. maritimus were studied in parallel. Methods Metal availability was estimated by enzymatic digestion with pepsin (ED), which may provide an estimate of metal availability to organisms living at estuarine sediments. Nevertheless, since no consensus exists yet on the most suitable methodologies to estimate metal bioavailability in sediments, two more conventional approaches, BCR sequential extraction (SE) and AVS/SEM model, were also used, in parallel, and the information these approaches provided was compared with that provided by ED. Total-recoverable metal contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after sediment digestion using a high-pressure microwave system. Results and Discussion Plants could concentrate metals around its roots and rhizomes. In addition, they were capable of oxidizing (release of oxygen by the roots) the anaerobic medium surrounding their roots in muddy sediment (reducing AVS). As sulphide oxidation renders metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) into more soluble forms, according to the AVS/SEM model, metals from muddy sites would be more available in rhizosediment than in sediment. The SE approach led to a similar conclusion. Nevertheless, the results provided by ED pointed at opposite conclusion, particularly for Cd and Zn, indicating less availability at rhizosediments than in the surrounding sediment. ED results were interpreted as a consequence of an enrichment of the rhizosediment in organic ligands exuded by the roots or liberated by dead plants. The effect of complexation of metals by organic compounds, which ED could not decompose/dissolve, seemed to overcome that caused by sediment oxidation. In general, a comparison of the information about metal availability by ED, SE, AVS/SEM, showed that it did not always match and in few cases it was even contradictory. Conclusion and Outlook Therefore, a thorough evaluation of the metal availability in sediments requires a combination of different chemical approaches, so as to take into consideration differences in ways of organism exposure (interstitial water and/or ingestion of sediment particles). - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.