深圳湾典型红树植物根表铁膜及其重金属富集特征

以深圳湾红树林湿地的5种典型红树植物为研究对象,调查了红树植物根表铁膜及其重金属富集特征.结果表明：① 5种红树植物根表铁膜含量依次为：老鼠簕 > 桐花树 > 木榄 > 秋茄 > 银叶树,含量范围为0.37~10.81 g·kg^-1.②根表铁膜对沉积物中重金属具有一定的富集作用,并且其因植物种类和重金属种类而异：重金属在老鼠簕根表铁膜中积累较高,银叶树中最低;铁膜中的重金属Mn含量为0.11~2.67 g·kg^-1,Pb、Zn、Cu、As和Cr最高含量范围为117.44~189.69 mg·kg^-1,Cd、Ni、Co、Sb最高含量范围为34.84~63.34 mg·kg^-1;铁膜中的Zn含量与其他重金属含量呈显著负相关（P<0.001）,表明铁膜中Zn的积累可能与其它金属元素存在一定的竞争关系.③沉积物pH显著影响根表铁膜的含量及其对Mn的积累（P<0.05）;沉积物含水量和盐度与铁膜中重金属Cr和Co含量呈正相关（P<0.05）.④红树植物根表铁膜及其重金属含量的分布特征均为根尖 > 根中 > 根基.     

沉积物中双酚类化合物的测定

通过前处理与检测条件的全面优化,建立了一种同时实现环境沉积物中9种痕量双酚类化合物的加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱/三重四极杆质谱(HPLC/MSMS)检测方法。沉积物样品先采用甲醇作为溶剂,在70℃条件下进行加速溶剂萃取,萃取液约100 mL,加入甲酸调节pH约为2.5,再经Oasis型HLB固相萃取柱富集与净化,该过程可将沉积物的基质效应控制在85%～95%之间。9种目标化合物在0.05～25.0μg/L(以双酚AF计)范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r>0.999,检出限为0.01～0.25μg/kg,加标回收率为62%～122%,相对标准偏差为0.9%～12.7%。     

PT-GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物中甲基汞的影响因素及应用

研究了碱提取吹扫捕集气相色谱冷原子荧光光谱法测定沉积物中甲基汞的影响因素,包括载气流速、柱温、衍生化试剂、样品称取量、前处理时碱性提取液加入量和反应瓶中提取液加入量的影响,分析了提取液加入量对Tenax管的影响、提取液保存的影响因素、沉积物样品保存的影响因素以及样品中Hg²⁺的干扰影响。根据影响情况确定最佳测定条件,应用于广西龙江河流域上9个代表性监测断面的底泥样品中甲基汞的测定,采用污染指数法对该流域甲基汞的污染现状进行评价。结果表明,最佳载气流速范围为22～27 mL/min,最佳柱温为46℃。衍生化试剂选择四乙基硼化钠和四丙基硼化钠均能达到较好的回收率。样品称取量选择0.50 g时回收率好。前处理时碱性提取液的加入量对甲基汞的提取效率没有显著影响。为保证水相衍生反应体系最终pH在5左右,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液的加入量随提取液加入量的增加而增加。当缓冲溶液为300μL时,提取液小于150μL不会影响Tenax管性能。避光与否对提取液的保存和样品的保存影响都不大,提取液保存3 d后、样品保存15 d后,甲基汞回收率将低于80%。衍生化前定量体积提取液中Hg     

拔风管对CANON型人工湿地脱氮性能的影响

以猪场沼液为处理对象,探究了拔风管对基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)型潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW)氮素转化性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,拔风管数量可显著影响CANON型TFCW中脱氮功能微生物的数量与活性,进而影响其氮素转化速率.在水力负荷(HLR)≤0.18m3/(m2·d)的前提下,随着拔风管数量由0增...     

Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in sediments and biota from Portugal versus European incidence: A critical overview

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widespread compounds, such as organohalogenated compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, which can be found in all types of environmental compartments. Their presence in the aquatic environment is a worldwide problem, with emphasis on sediments which act as depository and consequently as a source of hydrophobic, recalcitrant and harmful compounds. Besides, these pollutants might affect the reproduction and mortality of living organisms, diverging in their potential to bioaccumulate in tissues. The present paper aims to review the occurrence of POPs in sediments and biota from the coastal, estuarine and river areas of Portugal. The list of the studied compounds comprises organohalogenated compounds, PAHs, organometallic compounds, pesticides, sterols, fatty acids and pharmaceutical compounds. The contamination of sediments by various pollutants is presented, such as PAHs up to 7,350 ng g^?1 found in Sado estuary and polychlorinated biphenyls up to 62.2 ng g^?1 in the case of sediments collected in Ria de Aveiro. The occurrence of these persistent toxic substances in sediments demonstrates aquatic contamination from agricultural, industrial and urban discharges and the concern about the potential risks to aquatic organisms, wildlife and humans. In fact, several classes of POPs have also been found in biota, such as polychlorinated biphenyls up to 810.9 ng g^?1 in sentinel fish from the Douro River estuary and pesticides in bivalves from the Sado River estuary. The importance of further systematic research on sediments and biota is here highlighted to compare the contamination of these two reservoirs; to assess their spatial and temporal variation; and to determine other classes of POPs that were not investigated yet (e.g., industrial compounds, estrogens and many classes of pharmaceuticals).     

Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes

Surface sediments (0-5 cm) from 59 stations within the Yangtze River intertidal zone (YRIZ) were sampled for metal contamination analysis in April and August 2005. The concentrations ranged (in mg kg⁻¹ dry weight): Al, 40,803-97,213; Fe, 20,538-49,627; Cd, 0.12-0.75; Cr, 36.9-173; Cu, 6.87-49.7; Mn, 413-1,112; Ni, 17.6-48.0; Pb, 18.3-44.1; and Zn, 47.6-154; respectively. Among the 59 sampling stations, enrichment factors (EF) indicate enrichment of Cd (52 stations), Cr (54 stations), Cu (5 stations), Ni (26 stations), Pb (5 stations) and Zn (5 stations). Geoaccumulation indexes (I_geo) also suggest individual metal contamination in localized areas. This study indicates that Cd, Cr and Ni enrichment in the YRIZ sediment is widespread whereas Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn enrichment is localized or nonexistent. Factor and cluster analyses indicate that Cd is associated with total organic carbon whereas Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn have a close association with Mn.     

Speciation of Heavy Metals in Floodplain and Flood Sediments: a Reconnaissance Survey of the Aire Valley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain

A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd), with major sedimentary phases (exchangeable, surface oxide and carbonate, Fe and Mn oxides, organic and residual metal ions), in samples from floodplain and recent flood sediments of the River Aire, West Yorkshire. Analysis indicates that metals Pb and Zn are primarily associated with the Fe and Mn oxides, Cu with the organic fraction and Cd with exchangeable and surface oxide and carbonate metal ions. Knowledge of the chemical speciation of heavy metals in river sediment, despite the procedure's inherent limitations, facilitates an understanding of their bioavailability, storage and remobilisation in floodplain and river channel environments.     

Seasonal variation and partition of trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb) in surface sediments: relationship with physico-chemical variables of water from the Calabar River, South Eastern Nigeria

The seasonal variation and partition of trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr and Pb) in the surface sediments of the Calabar River are reported. Chemical partition of the metals in the sediments reveals that 2–30% of the total metal load was contributed by the non-detrital (acid-soluble) fraction, while fine-grained host minerals/compounds are the main carriers of the detrital (acid-insoluble) fraction (70–98%). Using multivariate statistical analysis, the seasonal fluctuations in the distribution of some of the metals show significant influence by physio-chemical changes (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and conductivity) in the water column. Fe–Mn oxide grain coatings and sulphide materials have been identified as scavengers of some of the non-detrital and detrital trace metals in the sediments. On the basis of index of geoaccumulation (I-geo) and comparison with previous studies, the Calabar River surface sediments have been classified as unpolluted.     

上海市郊中小河流夏季水污染特征研究

在夏季对上海郊区一典型的中、小河流河网水质进行监测 ,结果表明 :(1)河流水体普遍有很高的氮磷和有机负荷 ,其CODcr、总磷、总氮等指标均数倍于《地面水环境质量标准》中规定的V类水最大允许值 ,水体正处于严重的富营养化状态。位于集镇居民区和养殖场附近河流的污染更为严重。 (2 )受富营养化和河流底泥污染物释放的影响 ,河流水质还存在分层现象 ,尤其是水流滞缓、水深不足两米的小河流更为明显。主要表现为 :底层水氨氮 ,TRP(总反应态磷 )和SRP(溶解反应态磷 )的含量明显高于表层水 ;而表层水的 pH和DO高于底层水 ;同时 ,由于底层水处于厌氧的环境下 ,NO- 3-N、NO- 2 -N含量低于表层水。 (3)由于长期受纳污水、污物 ,中、小河流底泥有很高的氮磷累积 ,凯氏氮平均达 3.5 2 6 (N ,mg) / g ;总磷平均达 2 0 5 2 .2 5 0 (P ,mg) /kg。集镇居民区河流底泥总磷含量高达 5 813.838(P ,mg) /kg ;养殖场附近河流底泥凯氏氮高达 5 .96 4 (N ,mg) / g。底泥孔隙水中的NO- 3-N、NO- 2 -N含量很低 ;NH+4的含量是河流底层水的 3～ 2 4倍 ;SRP的含量约是河流底层水的 2～ 16倍。由于底泥有机污染重 ,耗氧量大 ,处于厌氧的环境 ,其交换态Fe2 +的含量很高     

潮汐循环影响下上覆水环境因子和氮营养盐的变化及其相关关系

潮汐循环对水体理化特征的短期影响是潮汐河口各种理化参数变化的一个重要原因。通过崇明东旺沙堤外低潮滩和东海农场低潮滩采样及环境因子分析，发现崇明东滩各环境因子之间（除浊度外）相关性较好，均呈宽 “U”型变化；东海农场各环境因子之间相关性较差，变化不一致，且盐度、电导率变化与崇明东滩变化相反；受潮汐循环影响，崇明东滩涨潮初期各形态氮有明显释放过程，而东海农场的近底层水体在涨潮初期NH4+ N急剧下降，NOX- N缓慢下降；无论是在崇明东滩还是在东海农场，营养盐浓度受环境因子的共同影响，整个潮汐循环过程中总无机氮（TIN）与盐度呈显著线性负相关，这与整个长江口近岸水体的营养盐负荷相一致，长江上游淡水带来的高负荷营养盐流经河口进入海洋。