Statistical comparison and correlation of zinc and lead in estuarine sediments along the western coast of Mauritius

Cr, Zn and Pb were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) from urban and rural estuarine sediments collected along the western coast of Mauritius during the period July 2002-January 2003. The mean concentration of Cr (225.4 mg kg(-1)), Zn (107.0 mg kg(-1)) and Pb (27.0 mg kg(-1)) in sediments along the six estuaries can be considered below those from contaminated estuarine sediments. Zn and Pb were significantly higher in urban sediments downstream St. Louis River compared to a rural estuary at Tamarin at 5% significance level. Zn was also significantly lower in Tamarin compared to Petite Riviere Noire estuary. Cr was however not significantly different in sediments from the six estuaries and could be considered of basaltic origin and were correlated to neither lead nor zinc. The concentration of Zn and Pb were greatest in the more urbanised upper and lower reaches of the St. Louis estuary during the period of study and were also significantly positively correlated in the estuarine sediments indicating that the cycling of Pb and Zn were linked indicating a common source for Pb and Zn. The potential sources of Pb and Zn in the urban estuarine sediments were considered to arise from road runoff causing significant quantities to be trapped. At present, compared to contaminant levels found in the UK and elsewhere, Mauritius still looks relatively uncontaminated but there is growing concern about heavy metal contamination in urban estuaries. There is therefore a need for long-term studies in estuarine management to involve integrated strategies in which water-sediment interactions in estuaries need to be considered and international standards for sediment quality developed. Such studies undertaken in the future would further the understanding of the biogeochemical processes of estuarine systems in Mauritius which could then be used in environmental development schemes and effective coastal zone management.     

上海滩涂春季鸻形目鸟类群落及围垦后生境选择

上海市位于长江口,拥有大量可开发的滩涂资源,但是由于不合理的开发方式,滩涂景观和生物群落发生改变。在2004年春季,鸻形目鸟类迁徙中转停留时,实地调查位于上海东部沿岸的10个调查点,研究滩涂生境指标与鸻形目鸟类群落关系。此次观察到的鸻形目鸟类有13种,优势种有尖尾滨鹬和黑腹滨鹬,而20年前的类似调查则观察到23种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬、细嘴滨鹬和红颈滨鹬。通过分析滩涂结构、植被分布与鸻形目鸟类群落之间的关系发现鸻形目鸟类对生境选择中,滩涂结构完整度、藨草带和光滩带的宽度、周边景观的多样性、人为干扰程度都是影响鸻形目鸟类栖息地选择的关键因子。最后,分析了鸻形目鸟类群落与栖息地景观的关系,并就如何改善围垦堤内的生态环境提出一些建议。     

高原浅水湖泊沉积物中磷、氮形态化学研究

以滇池马村湾和海东湾为研究对象,对其沉积物－间隙水－上覆水三界面中的磷、氮形态作研究,其中钙结合态磷占的比例最大,其次是有机/细菌聚合态磷和残渣磷;总氮含量很高,平均值为2.63 mg/g,而亚硝酸盐氮含量很低,其它三种无机氮形态（硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮）之间并不存在恒定的化学计量关系,这主要是无机氮循环还受水体和沉积物中有机氮的影响。调查还表明沉积物中Fe P含量与间隙水中溶解性磷酸盐磷有着较好的线性关系,沉积物中Fe P含量与间隙水Eh呈对数关系。     

Getting caught up in the game: managing non-formal dynamics in the remediation of contaminated sediments in Oslo harbor

This study aims at describing, analyzing and evaluating the relation between management styles and process dynamics of a complex planning process confronted with unexpected dynamics. The development of an aquatic disposal site for dredged contaminated sediments in Oslo was managed by a project management style focused on timely and cost-effective implementation. Coupling the remediation project with another infrastructural project and the actual construction of the site led to unexpected dynamics in terms of resistance and controversy. Project management had difficulties in adjusting its style accordingly, resulting in even more delay and resistance. Managing complex planning projects requires a style suitable to the characteristics of the project and the capability of adjusting it to changing circumstances. The paper concludes with some explanations why it is difficult to change management styles in complex planning and implementation processes and complexity-embracing approaches to deal with this.     

Global fallout Pu recorded in lacustrine sediments in Lake Hongfeng, SW China

Studies on the distribution and isotope compositions of fallout Pu are important for source characterization of possible future non-fallout Pu contamination in aquatic environments, and useful for dating of recent sediments to understand the pollution history of environmental contaminants. We present the historical record of atmospheric Pu fallout reconstructed from a sediment core from Lake Hongfeng, China. The Pu activity profile was in agreement with the 137Cs profile. Inventories were 50.7 Bq m(-2) for 239+240Pu and 1586 Bq m(-2) for 137Cs. The average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio was 0.185+/-0.009, indicating that Pu originated from global stratospheric fallout rather than from direct tropospheric or close-in fallout from the Chinese nuclear testing conducted in the 1970s. Our data suggested that Lake Hongfeng would be an ideal setting for monitoring atmospheric fallout and environmental changes in this region.     

对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附特性1

研究了沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚的作用机理及影响因素.结果表明,对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附由其中的有机质含量和结构决定,体系的pH值对对硝基苯酚的吸附有较大的影响,其主要原因是体系的pH值控制着沉积物中有机质的溶出量.在实验浓度范围内,分配作用在沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚中占主导地位.     

黄河水体沉积物对敌百虫和甲拌磷的吸附

对敌百虫和甲拌磷在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附特性进行了研究,观察了ｐＨ值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响．结果表明,敌百虫的吸附过程为一级动力学规律;敌百虫的吸附符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式,甲拌磷的吸附可用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ等温式较好地描述．ｐｈ值降低或离子强度增加使敌百虫和甲拌磷在沉积物中的吸附程度明显减小．敌百虫在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附以表面吸附为主,而甲拌磷则表现为表面吸附和在有机碳中的分配作用两种吸附方式．     

南漪湖沉积物磷的赋存形态及对上覆水的影响

以宣城市南漪湖为例,采用改进的无机磷分级提取方法对全湖共39个点位沉积物中磷(P)赋存形态进行系统研究,并分析其与上覆水体、间隙水等相互关系.结果表明,南漪湖水体磷污染水平已经处于高位,沉积物间隙水磷与上覆水体磷空间分布特征具有密切关系.南漪湖沉积物中总磷(TP)含量变化范围为463.3～1016.6mg/kg,其中各形态磷空间分布具有明显的差异性,与外源磷输入等密切相关.赋存形态含量大小、相对比例顺序依次为:钙结合态磷(Ca-P)>铁结合态磷(Fe-P)>铝结合态磷(Al-P)>还原剂可溶性磷(RS-P)>残渣态磷(Res-P)>弱吸附态磷(L-P).沉积物中TP含量与Fe-P、RS-P、Res-P极显著正相关,与L-P含量显著正相关.外源磷输入和水产养殖对南漪湖沉积物内源磷中Fe-P和RS-P贡献可能较大.南漪湖沉积物内源磷对上覆水体的潜在风险较高,其中生物有效性较高的L-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Rs-P的总和相对比例可达60%左右.沉积物中磷形态与间隙水磷浓度关系较密切,其中Al-P、Ca-P对间隙水中磷迁移转化具有重要影响.南漪湖主要出入湖河口沉积...     

黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中总磷3种提取方法的比较

通过微波消解法、标准测试方法(SMT)和碱熔法分别测定了水系沉积物成分分析标准物质GBW07307a(GSD-7a)中的总磷(TP)含量,并分别采用3种方法对采集于黄河流域甘宁蒙段表层沉积物样品进行TP含量和样品加标回收率的测定。结果表明:测定标准物质的相对误差绝对值:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法;变异系数:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法。同时,微波消解法提取的表层沉积物TP含量的范围为634.3~909.2μg/g;SMT法TP含量的范围为627.1~889.5μg/g;碱熔法TP含量的范围为559.1~784.8μg/g。微波消解法的测定结果相对偏高,SMT法的测定结果相对偏低。样品加标回收率平均值:微波消解法SMT法碱熔法;变异系数:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法。综合测定标准物质中TP含量以及样品加标回收率实验结果的准确度和精密度,对于黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物,使用SMT法提取TP较优于微波消解法和碱熔法。     

重点流域水系沉积物中多环芳烃标准样品制备

环境标准样品是监测过程中重要的质量控制手段,中国受天然基体标准样品制备技术的制约,尚未拥有自己的沉积物中多环芳烃标准样品。为制备符合中国重点流域沉积物类型及多环芳烃浓度水平的沉积物标准样品,对中国6个重点流域的沉积物进行了采样,获得了制备多环芳烃标准样品的原料。分析常温及冷冻2种干燥方式对多环芳烃的影响,为制备大批量多环芳烃标准样品提供数据支持。对11个点位样品采用气相色谱质谱法测定16种优控多环芳烃化合物浓度,结果表明,样品均匀性良好,样品中多环芳烃检出率在99%以上,江河沉积物样品中多环芳烃浓度区间为664~2.91×103μg/kg,湖泊样品最高值达到1.25×105μg/kg,其主要污染源是化学燃料的燃烧。为中国制备水系沉积物中多环芳烃标准样品积累了技术基础。