Influence of variable chemical conditions on EDTA-enhanced transport of metal ions in mildly acidic groundwater

Adsorption of Ni and Pb on aquifer sediments from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA increased with increasing pH and metal-ion concentration. Adsorption could be described quantitatively using a semi-mechanistic surface complexation model (SCM), in which adsorption is described using chemical reactions between metal ions and adsorption sites. Equilibrium reactive transport simulations incorporating the SCMs, formation of metal-ion-EDTA complexes, and either Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide solubility or Zn desorption from sediments identified important factors responsible for trends observed during transport experiments conducted with EDTA complexes of Ni, Zn, and Pb in the Cape Cod aquifer. Dissociation of Pb-EDTA by Fe(III) is more favorable than Ni-EDTA because of differences in Ni- and Pb-adsorption to the sediments. Dissociation of Ni-EDTA becomes more favorable with decreasing Ni-EDTA concentration and decreasing pH. In contrast to Ni, Pb-EDTA can be dissociated by Zn desorbed from the aquifer sediments. Variability in adsorbed Zn concentrations has a large impact on Pb-EDTA dissociation.     

Tidal salt marsh sediment in California, USA: part 3. Current and historic toxicity potential of contaminants and their bioaccumulation

To assess potential health risks to benthic organisms from exposure to toxic contaminants, sediment chemistry data from five salt marshes along the coast of California were compared with threshold effects levels (TELs) and probable effects levels (PELs). As an integrated estimate of toxicity potential of multiple contaminants, mean PEL quotients (mPELQs) were used to categorize sampling stations into three groups: high (>0.5), medium (0.1–0.5) and low (<0.1). In all sediments from Stege Marsh located in San Francisco Bay, at least one contaminant exceeded PELs by up to 18-fold and mPELQs were higher than 0.7. Mean PELQs in two core sediments from eastern Stege Marsh ranged from 0.7 to 2.1, indicating that benthic organisms in Stege Marsh may have been adversely affected for several decades. To investigate bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants in sediments, longjaw mudsuckers (Gillichthys mirabilis) were transplanted to six Stege Marsh stations for 60 days. Body burdens of organic contaminants clearly showed that they were readily available for benthic organisms. Measured concentrations of organic contaminants in mudsuckers were similar to estimated levels computed using a theoretical bioaccumulation potential model. Levels of PCBs and arsenic in mudsuckers were higher than screening values set as guidelines for the protection of humans and levels of PCBs and DDTs were higher than criteria for wildlife. The results of this study indicate that the levels of contaminants in Stege Marsh sediments may not fully support the well-being of benthic organisms and also may provoke adverse effects on fish-eating animals and humans through trophic transfer.     

Macroinvertebrate community response to acid mine drainage in rivers of the High Andes (Bolivia)

Several High Andes Rivers are characterized by inorganic water pollution known as acid mine drainage (AMD). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between metal concentrations in the sediments and the macroinvertebrate communities in two river basins affected by AMD. In general, the taxon diversity of the macroinvertebrate community at the family level was low. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni at mining sites were higher than at unpolluted sites. The pH of the water was alkaline (7.0-8.5) in unpolluted sites, whereas it dropped to very low values (<3) at mining sites. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that pH was the best predictor of macroinvertebrate community richness. The number of macroinvertebrate families decreased gradually with increasing acidity, both in pools and riffles, though it is suggested that riffle communities were more affected because they are in closer contact with the acid water.     

一体式膜-生物反应器同步硝化反硝化中试试验

当污泥浓度维持在19~20g/L时,一体式平板膜-生物反应器运行112d,通量稳定在25.2~25.7L/(m2.h),运行过程除正常曝气以保持对膜进行水力冲刷外没有进行任何物理和化学清洗。试验考察不同DO浓度对同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,结果表明,反应器内有较好的硝化反硝化效应,当温度在18~12℃变动时,膜生物反应器的硝化反硝化效果基本不受温度的影响。     

微塑料对河口沉积物抗生素抗性基因的影响

微塑料和抗生素抗性基因都是环境中的新兴污染物,也是近年来的研究热点.为探究微塑料对河口沉积物抗生素抗性基因的影响,在沉积物中添加3种不同的微塑料进行培养实验,主要采用高通量定量PCR方法研究河口沉积物抗性基因种类、丰度、多样性及其变化情况.结果表明,微塑料显著改变了沉积物中抗生素抗性基因结构组成,两种难降解微塑料PVC和PE使得沉积物抗生素抗性基因组成结构显著改变,而可溶性微塑料PVA使得沉积物抗生素抗性基因种类数显著减少;添加PVC、PE和PVA微塑料的沉积物抗生素抗性基因的绝对丰度显著增加,分别为4. 1×10~9、8. 1×10~9和2. 0×10~9copies·g~(-1),添加PE微塑料的沉积物抗生素抗性基因丰度增加了近一个数量级,微塑料显著增加了沉积物抗生素抗性基因的绝对丰度; OLS回归分析显示,抗生素抗性基因丰度与转座子、整合子基因显著正相关,表明可移动遗传元件可能促进了抗生素抗性基因的迁移、传播和扩散.     

昆明松华坝水库沉积物中PAHs垂直分布特征及其来源

为揭示昆明松华坝水库人类活动对PAHs（多环芳烃）的影响程度及其污染历史,研究了松华坝水库2根沉积柱（包括集水区人口较密集的1号柱和以山地为主的2号柱）中16种PAHs的垂直分布特征及其来源.结果表明:1号、2号柱中∑₁₆PAHs（16种PAHs总量）分布范围分别为155.9~471.3和100.7~316.3 ng/g,但1号柱污染程度高于2号柱,可能与其集水区较高的人为排放有关.1号柱中∑₁₆PAHs整体随采样深度的下降而降低,2号柱则随采样深度的下降而增长;这2根柱子PAHs的组成相似,沉积物中PAHs均以2环的Nap（萘）和3环的Phe（菲）为主（二者占比高于50%）,高致癌性的4~6环PAHs也有较大占比.分子比值法和正定矩阵因子分解法结果显示,1号柱中PAHs主要来源顺序为生物质燃烧源（38.8%）>石油源（34.7%）>煤炭燃烧源（13.4%）>石化燃料燃烧源（13.1%）,2号柱主要来源为石油源（44.4%）>生物质燃烧源（26.2%）>煤炭燃烧源（15.3%）>石化燃料燃烧源（14.1%）,反映了集水区人类活动方式与强度对沉积物中PAHs的控制作用.      

底泥不同预处理对潜在活性磷形成及释放的抑制作用

以校园河流底泥为材料,研究了不同预处理(底泥曝气、水曝气)对底泥中潜在活性磷的形成及释放的抑制作用.结果表明,底泥曝气对上覆水中的磷向底泥迁移的促进作用明显优于水曝气.底泥经不同预处理后,磷的释放量明显降低.与未处理底泥相比,经底泥曝气和水曝气预处理底泥,溶解性磷酸盐释放量分别下降了193.6 mg·kg^-1和44.7 mg·kg^-1,总磷释放量分别下降了334.0 mg·kg^-1和163.8 mg·kg^-1;而对于潜在活性磷而言,前者降低了58.6 mg·kg^-1,后者则增加了167.4 mg·kg^-1.其原因可能是,上覆水中的磷向底泥迁移时,首先形成潜在活性磷,而通过不同的预处理,潜在活性磷向难释放态磷的转化得到了强化.底泥曝气的这种强化作用比水曝气更为明显.     

运用主成分分析(PCA)评价海洋沉积物中重金属污染来源

测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中重金属和有机质的含量,并用平均富集因子(Average Enrichment Factors,AEF)进行污染状况评价,发现胶州湾表层沉积物重金属污染可分为3类:轻度污染(AEFs<2),其中有Zn(AEF=1.11)、Pb(AEF=1.15)、Cr(AEF=1.52)、Mn(AEF=0.80)、Fe(AEF=0.45);中度污染(AEFs=2～3),包括Cu(AEF=2.79)和Cd(AEF=2.52);严重污染(AEFs>3),主要有As(AEF=3.03)和Hg(AEF=8.08).进一步通过主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)研究沉积物中重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分的贡献率分别为52.61%、17.37%和15.60%,表明重金属主要有3个来源:工业排污、有机质降解、岩石的自然风化与侵蚀过程.PCA的聚类分析指出,本次研究中所调查的14个站位在污染程度上可分为5大类,此结果既反映了胶州湾表层沉积物近河口污染程度重远河口污染程度轻的特点,同时也支持了工业排污是沉积物中重金属污染主要来源的分析.     

合流制面源污染传输过程与污染源解析

科学认识和全面理解合流制面源污染发生路径和污染贡献源对于治理和改善城市水环境至关重要.本研究以珠海市典型老城区的合流制小排水区为例,分析了污染物在地表与管道中的累积-冲刷过程,并运用质量守恒法解析了污染物的贡献源.结果表明,地表街尘累积量为(28. 81±10. 69) g·m~(-2),多场降雨事件中地表街尘冲刷量为(19. 27±10. 90) g·m~(-2),冲刷率为(52. 69±13. 3)%,其冲刷形成的地表径流中SS场降雨浓度为52～109 mg·L~(-1),管道径流中SS的浓度为68～158mg·L~(-1);地表径流对SS的贡献率为39%～72%,旱流污水对SS的贡献率20%,管道沉积物再悬浮对SS的贡献率为13%～56%;管道沉积物的厚度在小雨和中雨时增加1～14 cm,大雨和暴雨时,减少7～17 cm;降雨特征影响了污染源贡献比率,其中地表径流对各污染物的贡献范围为2%～52%,旱流污水对各污染物的贡献率范围为9%～65%,管道沉积物对各污染物的贡献范围为8%～81%.基于上述研究结果,为合流制面源污染提出控制措施,以期为我国城市受纳水体污染的解决提供参考.     

海洋环境腐蚀模拟试验装置的优化设计与研制

本文介绍了基于GB/T 19746—2005/ISO 11130:1999等材料腐蚀性能试验标准的试验装置设计要求以及试验装置的主要组成。重点是添加了温度控制系统,优化了潮差控制系统,模拟了海洋波浪。本试验装置是一种结构简单、能够较真实模拟海洋环境腐蚀的试验装置。该试验装置研制成功,为研究海洋用材料的腐蚀行为与机理提供重要的技术设备支持。