长江口潮滩沉积物的性状对重金属累积的影响

采集长江口无明显点源污染的崇明东滩和九段沙潮滩56个沉积物样品,测定沉积物原样和粘粒中Cu．Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd和Ni的含量以及沉积物的主要性状（粒径分布、游离铁、活性铁、总铁、游离锰、总锰、有机碳和磁化率等）,以相关分析和偏相关分析研究沉积物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质之间的关系．结果表明,沉积物中粘粒的Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr和Ni含量分别是相应沉积物原样的2．3,3．3,2．0,1．7和2．1倍．潮滩沉积物粘粒的含量是影响重金属累积的主要因素．潮滩沉积物中的磁化率与重金属含量呈显著相关性,表明利用磁信息研究潮滩重金属污染的可行性．     

半月周期的潮汐对滨海湿地土壤理化性质的影响

周期性的潮汐是滨海湿地重要的水文特征,为了探讨潮汐的半月周期(包括小潮期和大潮期)对土壤理化性质的影响及可能的机制,于2009年7月中下旬测定了长江口崇明东滩湿地土壤理化性质在小潮期和大潮期交替周期内的变化规律。结果表明,与小潮期相比,由于频繁的潮水淹没,大潮期0～5 cm土壤含水量的增加量从低潮滩向高潮位依次为:44.8%、18.5%、10.9%和14.3%,5～10 cm含水量的增加量从低潮滩向高潮位依次为:19.2%、9.8%、12.6%和16.2%,10～20 cm则依次为:5.6%、6.1%、2.5%和7.3%。大潮期,从低潮滩向高潮滩增加的盐度依次为0.18、0.13、0.10和0.09 ms·cm^-1,增加的硫酸盐依次为0.32、0.21、0.16、0.13 mg·g^-1。与小潮期相比,大潮期氧化还原电位(Eh)显著降低;土壤容重、pH、可溶性有机碳和可溶性氮在大小潮期间无明显差异。此外,在潮汐的半月周期内,低潮滩土壤比高潮滩有更高淹水频率和更长淹水时间,受潮水的影响更明显,大潮期低潮滩土壤含水量、盐度和硫酸盐的增加幅度大于高潮滩,低潮滩土壤Eh降低幅度则小于高潮滩。半月周期的潮汐可以显著影响滨海湿地的部分土壤理化性质,且不同潮位的土壤性质对潮汐的响应程度不同,进而可能会对湿地植物生长和相关生态过程起到重要的调控作用。     

模拟氮沉降对闽江口淡水感潮沼泽湿地CO2、CH4排放通量的短期影响

为了评价氮沉降对我国亚热带河口区淡水感潮沼泽湿地CO_2、CH_4排放通量的影响,在福建闽江口道庆洲淡水感潮短叶茳芏沼泽湿地,设置对照CK[0 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]及3个梯度的氮沉降处理:N1[24 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N2[48 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和N3[96 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定短叶茳芏湿地CO_2、CH_4排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,(1)与对照相比,N1处理CO_2排放通量增加20.30%,N2处理CO_2排放通量减少10.05%,N3处理CO_2排放通量增加4.06%,除了12月的N2、N3处理CO_2排放通量与对照间有显著差异外(P0.05),其它时间各处理间CO_2排放通量差异性不显著(P0.05).(2)与对照相比,N1处理CH_4排放通量提高64.51%,N2处理CH_4排放通量提高30.23%,N3处理CH_4排放通量提高80.57%,但是各处理间CH_4排放通量的差异性未达到显著水平(P0.05).(3)CO_2、CH_4排放通量与土壤温度具有显著的正线性相关关系(P0.05),与土壤EC、土壤p H的相关性不显著(P0.05).     

Historical trends in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in the tidal flat sediments of Lianyungang, China

The sedimentation of metals can preserve the historical record of contaminant input from local and regional sources and provide information on the historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. We report the ²¹⁰Pb activities and the heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) depth profiles from sediment cores retrieved in 2010. The mean sedimentation rates of 0.85-1.5 cm/yr are determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating. The sediments in the tidal flat have recorded heavy metal deposition and thus allow the establishment of a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and the historical changes in the economic development of Lianyungang. The enrichment factors (EF) are calculated to estimate the level of contamination stored in these sediments. The results show that in the studied sites, Cr and Cu display low EF values and are mainly from lithogenic origin. For the other studied trace metals, a great variability in the sedimentary record is observed. Significant anthropogenic enrichment over the last 50 years is revealed at the tidal flat that receives fluvial inputs. Zinc is the element with the highest EF values, followed by the order of Pb > Cd > Mn > Cu and Cr. The temporal variations of the heavy metals peak during the late 1980s to the early 2000s and show a decreasing trend afterward. The pollution intensity of the tidal flat is determined by using EF and the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), which show that, based on the I_geo scale, the tidal flat of Haizhou Bay is unpolluted to moderately polluted.     

临近空间大气扰动风场的探测与分析

目的深入了解掌握临近空间大气风场的扰动状态,给临近空间飞行器的精确入轨、有效运行提供可靠的环境信息。方法用昆明站(25.6°N,103.8°E)临近空间观测平台中的MF雷达开展临近空间大气风场扰动观测。基于谐波拟合方法得到昆明地区2008年8月至2010年8月期间的周日和半日潮汐分量及背景风场,分析昆明地区临近空间80~100 km之间潮汐波动的变化特征。结果周日潮汐振幅具有明显的年变化和半年变化,最大值均出现在10月份和3月份的86~92 km高度范围内,同时第一年度的潮汐幅度明显强于第二年度,类似准两年变化。纬向半日潮汐的变化特征不是非常明显,而经向半日潮汐在88~94 km之间具有年变化,在其他高度处则出现多个峰值。结论潮汐相位的变化结果表明潮汐的下行传播,潮汐振幅的高度变化符合先增大后减小的特征,呈现胞状结构。     

基于合作博弈论的感潮河网区污染物排放总量削减分配模型研究

在给定污染物削减目标的情况下,如何确定各排污区域的分配比例一直是污染物总量分配技术的核心问题,博弈论是解决这一问题的有效尝试。采用合作博弈论方法,以感潮河网区各排污区域为研究对象,充分考虑各区域的污染治理成本、排污策略与环境质量的相互影响,建立了在给定污染物总削减比例条件下各区域环境合作的博弈模型,计算了各种可能联盟的特征函数值,利用Shapley值法进行合作收益的公平分配。结合珠江三角洲西江-石岐河河网区3个区域的环境合作案例说明削减合作的可行性,在总削减比例为15%的约束下,3区域合作削减比例是20.77%、12.82%和12.99%,与合作前相比,3个区域合作后环境成本分别减少了11.83%、2.13%和2%。     

Coastal Flood Inundation Monitoring with Satellite C‐band and L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was evaluated as a method to operationally monitor the occurrence and distribution of storm‐ and tidal‐related flooding of spatially extensive coastal marshes within the north‐central Gulf of Mexico. Maps representing the occurrence of marsh surface inundation were created from available Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L‐Band SAR (PALSAR) (L‐band) (21 scenes with HH polarizations in Wide Beam [100 m]) data and Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced SAR (ASAR) (C‐band) data (24 scenes with VV and HH polarizations in Wide Swath [150 m]) during 2006‐2009 covering 500 km of the Louisiana coastal zone. Mapping was primarily based on a decrease in backscatter between reference and target scenes, and as an extension of previous studies, the flood inundation mapping performance was assessed by the degree of correspondence between inundation mapping and inland water levels. Both PALSAR‐ and ASAR‐based mapping at times were based on suboptimal reference scenes; however, ASAR performance seemed more sensitive to reference‐scene quality and other types of scene variability. Related to water depth, PALSAR and ASAR mapping accuracies tended to be lower when water depths were shallow and increased as water levels decreased below or increased above the ground surface, but this pattern was more pronounced with ASAR. Overall, PALSAR‐based inundation accuracies averaged 84% (n = 160), while ASAR‐based mapping accuracies averaged 62% (n = 245).     

模拟SO_4~(2-)沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响

2008年每月小潮日原位定期向闽江河口鳝鱼滩咸草(Cyperus malaccensis)潮汐湿地试验样地施加25,50,100kgSO42--S/(hm2·a)的硫酸钠溶液,探讨模拟SO42-酸沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响.结果表明,SO42-酸沉降对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量基本无抑制作用.添加SO42-室内厌氧培养试验结果显示,虽然SO42-输入对湿地土壤CH4产生量具有一定的抑制作用,但相对对照组,下降幅度仅为8.5%~15.4%.室内添加甲烷产生基质的厌氧培养试验结果表明,非竞争性途径甲烷产生基质(甲醇和三甲胺)的添加可刺激并增加土壤的甲烷产生量,解释了原位施加SO42-对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的基本无抑制作用的试验结果.     

晋江感潮河段沉积物重金属赋存形态及潜在生态风险

测定了晋江感潮河段表层沉积物中12种重金属的含量,分析了沉积物中重金属的分布特征,结果显示:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn在受人类活动影响较大的中间河段偏高,远离城区与工业区的上游、水动力条件较好的下游偏低。用改进的BCR四步提取法分析了4个站位沉积物中重金属的赋存形态,结果表明:Mn、Cd的弱酸溶态和Pb、Cu的可还原态占主导地位,具有较大的潜在生态危险性;V、Sb、Ti、Sn主要以残渣态为主,对环境的危害较小。沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生态风险评价表明,Cd污染及其生态危害性非常严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni污染较轻。总体上,晋江感潮河段表层沉积物已受重金属严重污染,属于生态危害性极强的重污染水平。     

佛山水道引水对环境容量影响研究

采用污染负荷优化分配的线性规划方法,通过感潮河网水环境数学模型模拟得出污染贡献率。求取不同引水方案时佛山水道的环境容量,并建立引水量与环境容量的回归方程。研究结果表明,环境容量与引水量呈线性递增关系。根据回归方程可反推得出引水方案或削污方案,为引水与截污的实施提供了数据支持,并且对佛山水道综合整治的优化决策具有指导意义。