淋洗脱盐对滨海滩涂不同植被演替带土壤重金属的影响

为研究围垦对滨海滩涂土壤重金属的影响,采用土柱实验模拟淋洗脱盐过程,分析了滨海滩涂不同植被演替带(光滩、互花米草滩、碱蓬滩、芦苇滩)土壤在淋洗脱盐前后重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)含量的变化,评估了围垦可能导致的滩涂重金属流失量。研究表明,淋洗脱盐后,各植被演替带土壤重金属均显著降低,相比而言,Hg、Cr更易淋洗(淋洗率分别为57.2%、49.9%),而Zn不易淋洗(淋洗率18.5%);不同植被演替带土壤重金属淋洗率表现为:光滩互花米草滩碱蓬滩芦苇滩,光滩土壤重金属更易淋洗,而芦苇滩重金属不易淋洗;根据土壤容重、含水率、淋洗率及重金属含量计算重金属流失量发现,不同植被演替带重金属流失量同样表现为:光滩互花米草滩碱蓬滩芦苇滩;除互花米草滩As流失量较高外(19.26 kg·ha-1),其他重金属流失量均表现为光滩最高,光滩围垦可能会造成更多的重金属流失;在仅考虑淋洗脱盐情况下,以江苏省2010~2020年围垦规划270万亩计,仅表层20 cm滩涂土壤,通过围垦即可能导致As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn流失2 102.5、7.4、421.3、8 587.9、4 376.3、2 404.3 t,由围垦导致的滩涂重金属流失风险值得关注。     

鸭绿江口潮滩沉积物间隙水中的营养盐

通过对鸭绿江口潮滩区2个采样点采集的柱状样分析、培养实验,测定了沉积物间隙水中的营养盐和沉积物中的S^2-结果表明,鸭绿江口潮滩区沉积物间隙水中的NO₃^-含量平均值为3.0μmol/L,垂直分布变化不大.PO₄^3-和SiO₃^2-的含量范围分别为0.8～70.4μmol/L,111.6～1054.3μmol/L,且两者垂直变化类似,随沉积物深度的增加先增加后下降.沉积物中硫化物的分布是随深度增加,含量升高.鸭绿江口潮滩区沉积物Eh、pH的测定结果显示,在13cm以下,Eh降为负值,沉积物还原性逐渐增强.而pH自上而下变化不大.由分子扩散公式计算结果表明,鸭绿江口潮滩区营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水扩散.     

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF THE HALIFAX RIVER,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: An application of the receiving water block of the EPA Storm Water management Model (SWMM) is presented to quantify water quality impacts and evaluated control alternatives for a 208 areawide waste water management plan in Volusia Country, Florida. The water quality impact analyses were conducted for dry-and wet-weather conditions to simulate dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorides, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the Halifax Rivers, Florida, a 40-kilometer-long tidal estuary located on the Atlantic coast of Florida near Daytona Beach. Dry-weather analysis was performed using conventional 7-day, 10-year low flow conditions to determine a set of unit transfer coefficients which estimate the pollutant concentration transferred to any point in the estuary from a constant unit discharge of pollutants at the existing waste water treatment plant outfall locations. Wet-weather analysis was performed by continuous simulation of a typical three-month summer wet season in Florida. Three-month cumulative duration curves of DO, TN and TP concentrations were constructed to estimate the relative value of controlling urban runoff of waste water treatment plant effluent on the Halifax River. The three-month continuous simulation indicated that the greatest change in DO, TN, and TP duration curves is possible by abatement of waste water treatment plant pollution.     

MODELING THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF A NAVIGATION CHANNEL IN A TIDAL BAY1

ABSTRACT: A circulation and salinity model was used to predict the effects of wind, fresh water inflow, and the construction of a navigation channel on Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. The model numerically solved continuity and motion equations and provided a time history and spatial distribution of tidal depths, flows, velocities, and salinity in two lateral dimensions. The model predicted that high south winds or high fresh water inflow would reduce average bay salinities, as would the construction of a channel through Vermilion Bay. The results suggested the main reason for this behavior is the presence of two bay outlets to the Gulf of Mexico.     

ESTIMATION OF RECHARGE FROM A RESERVOIR USING TWO WATER BUDGET MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir water levels, observation well data, and meteorological parameters were collected at a recharge dam site in Central Saudi Arabia. This data, along with other information on the reservoir and the underlying aquifer, were used to estimate the amounts of recharge through the reservoir bed by applying two water budget models. The first is a water budget model for the reservoir only, while the second is for an aquifer reach extending upstream and downstream from the reservoir. The results of the two approaches were discussed and compared.     

沿海油田污染物入海通量及优化管理

胜利油田所在的黄河三角洲诸条河流按入海类型分为三种形式：设有防潮闸的感潮河；设有排涝站的入海河；直流入海的感潮河。按照各河流入海段面、流速、流量和水体污染物浓度，建立起各种感潮河污染物入海通量模式，计算结果说明沿海油田排放的石油类污染物入海通量为1456t／a，COD入海量为5720t／a。根据各条入海河流不同功能和污染物入海量，按照国家地表水质标准，制定出入海河流环境组合目标，用总量控制方法提出污染源削减要求，以保证黄河三角洲沿海滩涂环境质量。并以污染物入海通量、河流径流量、污染物自净系数和污染物削减量等因子建立各条河流优化管理模型，为保护环境提供对策。     

三峡入库河流大宁河回水区消落带土壤氨氮释放动力学研究

在室内模拟条件下,通过消落带土壤氨氮释放动力学实验,研究了三峡入库河流大宁河消落带土壤氨氮释放动力学特征,并分析了样品组成特征对释放动力学的影响,结果表明:(1)一级动力学方程可以很好的拟合大宁河回水区消落带土壤样品氨氮释放动力学特征,前120分钟为快反应,氨氮释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大氨氮释放量;(2)土壤样品释放动力学特征与总氮、总磷呈现较好的相关性,与有机质、样品氧化物组成、颗粒组成理化指标相关性较弱;(3)土壤样品释放动力学特征与可转化态氮呈现极显著正相关关系,与非可转化态氮的相关性较弱,这说明样品中氨氮的释放量主要受其可转化态氮含量控制。研究结果可为三峡库区支流大宁河回水区富营养化治理提供参考和理论依据。     

三峡入库河流大宁河回水区沉积物和消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征研究

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）对三峡入库河流大宁河回水区表层沉积物、消落带土壤不同形态P进行了分级测定,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与样品理化性质如有机质、主要氧化物组成之间的相关性.结果表明,沉积物总磷含量在483.4～848.4 mg/kg之间,平均为569.0 mg/kg,与长江中下游浅水湖泊表层沉积物总磷含量相比,大宁河回水区表层沉积物TP含量处于中下游水平,而消落带土壤中总磷含量在488.9～1 487.7 mg/kg之间,平均含量为813.3 mg/kg,远远高于沉积物样品总磷含量,显示了人类活动对消落带土壤P含量的影响.各种形态P在河流沉积物与岸边消落带土壤中分布特点不同: ① 河流沉积物中IP/TP（平均值55.7%）略高于消落带土壤（平均值49.4%）;② 河流沉积物中IP以Ca-P为主（平均比例为83.5%）, Fe/Al-P占IP比例仅为15%;消落带土壤Ca-P占IP平均比例为73.9%, 而Fe/Al-P占IP比例上升至22%;③ 河流沉积物中活性磷组分（OP+Fe/Al-P）平均含量为261.8 mg/kg,在TP中所占比例平均值为49%,而消落带土壤活性磷组分（OP+Fe/Al-P）平均含量为405.7 mg/kg,在TP中所占比例平均达到54%.消落带土壤中活性磷组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,因此消落带土壤P对水体富营养化的潜在影响不容忽视.     

延迟焦化含硫污水处理技术

对中国石化洛阳分公司焦化含硫污水存在污水乳化、污水波动量大、污水油含量高、接触冷却塔顶油气分离罐界位计不好用等问题的原因,进行了充分调研分析,并和设计单位结合,采用了先进的含硫污水集成处理系统对装置进行了改造,重点为接触冷却塔加高增设6层塔盘、增设了1000m^3的含硫污水罐、罐内设内罐并采用水力旋液分离、浮油自动收集排油组合装置（罐中罐）,将过去敞开式、功能单一的除油、均质、调节池（或罐）组合为装置化、密闭化、自动化的工艺和设备,改造后污水排放油含量由改造前的几千mg／L降至300mg／L,水质明显改善,同时回收了油品,降低了原油加工损失率,具有良好的经济和社会效益。     

三峡水库入库河流大宁河土壤重金属分布特征

对三峡水库实验性蓄水172 m回落至166 m后入库支流大宁河回水淹没迁建区浸没土壤、消落带土壤和172 m以上背景土壤中重金属含量进行了测定,该地区Cu,Pb的平均含量较高,Zn,Cr的污染最为严重。地累积指数法评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的相对污染程度较高,Cd处于较为清洁状态。重金属元素污染程度排序为Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd。生态风险评价结果表明该地区Cr为极强生态危害等级;Cu,Cd,Pb为低生态风险;Zn为中等或强生态风险等级,生态危害程度的排序为Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu。