A Stream Network Model for Integrated Watershed Modeling

We describe a flexible, computationally efficient stream network model, which forms the core of a simulation framework that spatially integrates the contributions from point and nonpoint sources in a watershed. The model uses the map and stream topology information in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Reach File 3 to generate a spatially explicit network of stream reaches. Water and materials are routed through the stream network to the watershed outlet, and the routing process accounts for transit times and for possible nutrient losses in streams. This model can be applied wherever Reach File maps or maps from the newer National Hydrography Dataset are available, and it can be combined with models of other watershed processes to create a complete watershed simulation system. We present an application of the stream network model to two watersheds of different sizes in the Patuxent River watershed of Maryland, USA. Simulated predictions of streamflow and nitrate concentrations are either very good or good according to standards developed for evaluating the widely used Hydrologic Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF) watershed model.     

长江口滨岸排污活动对潮滩营养盐环境地球化学过程的影响

华东师范大学地理系地理信息科学教育部重点实验室,上海200062     

崇明岛滨岸滩地植物系统中重金属元素的分布累积与相互关系

以滩地几种常见大型植物为研究对象,系统地分析了Cd及Ni在芦苇、海三棱草和互花米草系统中的分布与累积,以及Cd,Ni,K及Ca 4种重金属元素在芦苇中的相互关系.结果表明:Cd及Ni在芦苇、海三棱草和互花米草根部的累积程度较高,约占总量的50%以上.w(Cd)在3种植物不同器官中均为根>茎>叶. 3种植物等量的地下部分中互花米草的阳离子交换量(CEC)可能最高; 互花米草各器官对Cd及Ni的累积能力均强于芦苇和海三棱草. 芦苇地下部分对K及Ca的吸收可以促进Ni的吸收与累积,但同时对Cd的吸收与累积却有一定的阻碍作用;茎中K及Ca与Ni及Cd均表现为一定的拮抗作用;在芦苇体中营养元素K及Ca呈一定的协同作用. 以w(Cd)及w(Ni)在上海市土壤分级标准中的相关背景值为参考,崇明岛滨岸滩地植物系统根际土壤中的w(Cd)及w(Ni)整体上处于清洁水平.      

Changes in area and number of nature reserves in China

Nature reserves (NR) are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Over the past 60 years, the rapid expansion of NRs in China, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has played a critical role in slowing biodiversity loss. We examined the changes in the number and area of China's NRs from 1956 to 2014 and analyzed the effect of economic development on the expansion of China's NRs from 2005 to 2014 with linear models. Despite a continuing increase in the number of NRs, the total area of China's NRs decreased by 3% from 2007 to 2014. This loss resulted from downsizing and degazettement of existing NRs and a slowdown in the establishment of new ones. Nature reserves in regions with rapid economic development exhibited a greater decrease in area, suggesting that downsizing and degazettement of NRs are closely related to the intensifying competition between economic growth and conservation. For example, boundary adjustments to national NRs, the most strictly protected NRs, along the coast of China's Yellow Sea, a global biodiversity hotspot with a fast-growing economy, resulted in the loss of one-third of the total area. One of the most important ecosystems in these NRs, tidal wetlands, decreased by 27.8% because of boundary adjustments and by 25.2% because of land reclamation. Our results suggest conservation achievement, in terms of both area and quality, are declining at least in some regions in the Chinese NR estate. Although the designation of protected areas that are primarily managed for sustainable use has increased rapidly in recent years in China, we propose that NRs with biodiversity conservation as their main function should not be replaced or weakened.     

Reach and messages of the world's largest ivory burn

Recent increases in ivory poaching have depressed African elephant populations. Successful enforcement has led to ivory stockpiling. Stockpile destruction is becoming increasingly popular, and most destruction has occurred in the last 5 years. Ivory destruction is intended to send a strong message against ivory consumption, both in promoting a taboo on ivory use and catalyzing policy change. However, there has been no effort to establish the distribution and extent of media reporting on ivory destruction events globally. We analyzed media coverage of the largest ivory destruction event in history (Kenya, 30 April 2016) across 11 nation states connected to ivory trade. We used an online‐media crawling tool to search online media outlets and subjected 5 of the largest print newspapers (by circulation) in 5 nations of interest to content analysis. Most online news on the ivory burn came from the United States (81% of 1944 articles), whereas most of the print news articles came from Kenya (61% of 157 articles). Eighty‐six to 97% of all online articles reported the burn as a positive conservation action, whereas 4–50% discussed ivory burning as having a negative impact on elephant conservation. Most articles discussed law enforcement and trade bans as effective for elephant conservation. There was more relative search interest globally in the 2016 Kenyan ivory burn than any other burn in 5 years. Ours is the first attempt to track the reach of media coverage relative to an ivory burn and provides a case study in tracking the effects of a conservation‐marketing event.     

长江南京段水源水中抗生素的赋存特征与风险评估

利用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)分析了长江南京段水源水中抗生素的赋存特征.结果表明,16个采样点累计质量浓度范围为13. 37～780. 5 ng·L~(-1),平均值为92. 95 ng·L~(-1),共检出4种磺胺类、3种氟喹诺酮类、1种四环素类、5种大环内酯类和1种氯霉素类抗生素,平均质量浓度为0. 14～49. 91 ng·L~(-1),其中恩诺沙星(ERX)和克拉霉素(CLR)的检出率为100%,克林霉素(CLI)检出质量浓度最高(739. 44 ng·L~(-1)).与国内部分河流、湖泊相比,长江南京段水体中的抗生素浓度处于较低水平.生态风险评估结果表明,点位S2具有最大的联合风险熵值(0. 31),磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、强力霉素(DOX)和罗红霉素(ROX)的环境风险熵值具有低等风险水平; 9种抗生素对不同年龄段人群的健康风险指数HQ在2. 22×10-6和4. 86×10-3之间,同时CLI和DOX为主要的潜在健康风险因素.     

基于MDS与TOPSIS模型的滨海滩涂围垦区土壤质量评价

评估围垦后土壤质量的变化过程可以为土壤抑盐、培肥等调控措施提供科学指导.以不同围垦年限(5、30、38和61a)滩涂围垦区和光滩为研究对象,基于最小数据集方法筛选了与土壤质量密切相关的土壤黏粒比例、土壤盐分(SSC)、土壤有机质(SOM)、全钾(TK)和土壤容重(BD)这5个指标,结合TOPSIS模型构建土壤质量指数对滨海滩涂围垦后土壤质量演变过程进行评价.结果表明,滩涂围垦后土壤粒径逐渐细化,土壤含水量和土壤容重逐渐降低,土壤脱盐脱碱活动持续进行并伴随着养分和速效养分含量的逐渐累积.研究区土壤质量指数在24. 06～63. 08之间,并呈现出:光滩(20. 04±11. 48)围垦5 a(29. 33±10. 65)围垦30 a(51. 52±8. 76)≈围垦38 a(49. 98±10. 75)围垦61 a(58. 37±3. 15),土壤质量大致经历了"初期稳定-迅速提升-相对稳定"这3个阶段.土壤质量因子障碍程度的排序为黏粒比例 SSC SOM TK BD,较低的黏粒含量和较高的盐分是围垦区土壤提升的主要障碍因子.     

大辽河感潮段及其近海河口重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解大辽河感潮段及其近海河口重金属污染水平,对其上覆水、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中6种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)的含量及空间分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数法和地累积指数法对其水体和表层沉积物重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明,研究区域上覆水重金属浓度的高低顺序为Pb相似文献   

华东沿海滩涂区表层沉积物重金属含量特征及风险评价

为了解华东(江苏省、上海市、浙江省和福建省)沿海滩涂表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属含量特征、来源及污染风险.采用数理统计、相关性分析、因子分析等方法对华东沿海滩涂区表层沉积物1 906件样品的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属进行了系统研究.结果显示华东沿海滩涂区表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属总体含量不高,其中江苏省沿海滩涂表层沉积物重金属总体含量较低,上海、浙江沿海滩涂表层沉积物重金属总体含量较高;上海、浙江沿海滩涂表层沉积物重金属除了自然成因,受人为活动影响较大,江苏沿海表层滩涂沉积物受人为活动影响相对较轻,其中Hg在上海、浙江、福建滩涂受人为活动影响尤为严重,Cd、Cu在上海、浙江滩涂受人为活动影响尤为严重.采用海洋沉积物污染指数和平均沉积物质量基准商进行评价,结果显示,华东沿海滩涂区沉积物总体污染物生态风险较低,江苏省和福建省滩涂生态风险较低,上海市和浙江省滩涂生态风险相对较高.