盐分和淹水增加对河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤磷形态和磷酸酶活性的影响

选取中国东南沿海闽江河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤作为研究对象,研究不同盐分(淡水对照、低盐处理、高盐处理)和不同淹水(CK、CK+15 cm、CK+30 cm)交互处理对土壤磷形态和磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明,在闽江河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤中,无机磷是土壤总磷的主要赋存形态,约占总磷含量的68%~82%,有机磷含量约占总磷的18%~32%.无机磷以铁铝结合态磷为主(60%~66%),其次为钙结合态磷和闭蓄态磷.淹水处理对磷的总量和形态的影响有限,盐分变化对磷的总量和形态影响显著.低盐处理可增加铁铝结合态磷、闭蓄态磷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性,而高盐处理则对它们表现出抑制作用.随着盐分的增加,土壤总磷含量逐渐降低,土壤中钙结合态磷含量和磷酸盐含量将逐渐升高.相关分析表明,有机磷含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈负相关,无机磷含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈正相关.当盐分由淡水变化至低盐时,土壤磷的形态主要由有机磷向无机磷转化;而当盐分由低盐变化至高盐时,无机磷占比降低,有机磷占比增加.研究结果表明,碱性磷酸酶活性在磷形态对盐分和淹水的响应中发挥着重要作用.     

FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN1

A fluvial geomorphological methodology for designing natural stable channels is being widely applied for river restoration. It is an analogue procedure, as the W/d ratio and sinuosity from a reference reach are scaled to determine the restoration design. The choice of reference reach is crucial and published criteria specify that it should be stable, correspond to the stream type at the restoration site, have the same valley type, and be from the same hydrophysiographic region. For stable, meandering gravel cobble bed rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains (C3 and C4 stream types), UK regime equations are used to evaluate the procedure. Successful design requires particular combinations of the ratios of bankfull discharge, bed material size and load, valley slope, and bank vegetation category between the reference and restoration sites. These critical ratios, which are confirmed by U.S. field data, provide guidelines for selecting a suitable reference reach for C3‐C4 stream types. They also indicate that the reference reach can be in any valley type or hydrophysiographic region. The geomorphological procedure will apply to all stable stream types, provided the reference reach is correctly identified. Specific guidelines for each stream type await the development of additional regime equations.     

TIDAL POWER GENERATION UTILIZING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OR AIR RECIRCULATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents research conducted on tidal power generation utilizig atmospheric pressure or air recirculation. The proposed methods in this paper differ from conventional methods. That is, they require simple and relatively inexpensive power generating facilities that would convert the potential energy of the tides into kine tic energy of air for driving the air turbines in a power plant. The characteristics of the new methods are as follows: (1) in tidal power generation utilizing the atmospheric pressure, the air pressure exerted on an air turbine can be maintained at 1 atm regardless of the water head; (2) in tidal power generation utilizing the air recirculation, the air pressure exerted on an air turbine can be made twice as high as the available water head; (3) higher tidal energy conversion efficiency can be obtained by flowing larger quantities of water in a shorter time period; (4) the generating turbines can be located at a convenient place remote from the reservoir; and (5) equipment corrosion due to salt is minimized.     

A STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING THE POLLUTANTS IN A RIVER1

Urban and industrial areas continue to expand and consequently, to create serious water pollution problems to natural streams. The need for the development of accurate, reliable, and sensitive water quality prediction models is most desirable. The first objective of this research is to set guidelines for dividing a natural stream into more or less independent reaches based on some criteria. The second objective is to obtain the predicting equations of the water pollutants in a selected stream. The preliminary phase of this research evaluated water quality data sampled from the Pearl River which flows southwest and then turns south through the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. This evaluation served as guidelines to divide the total river basin into reaches (subsystems) appropriate to the objective of this research. Subsequent to this subsystem assignment, a stepwise multiple regression FORTRAN program was used to regress the pollutants (dependent variables) for both time and space on their water characteristics (independent variables). Based on the results obtained, the proposed statistical approach provides a practical tool for developing regression equations for the purpose of water pollutants' prediction.     

不同尺度下人类活动对浑太河流域鱼类和大型底栖动物群落特征的影响

为了确定鱼类和大型底栖动物群落结构对多重人类活动压力响应是否一致,以浑太河流域为例,采用典范对应分析和冗余分析方法,以自然环境因子(包括海拔、坡度、流域面积、经纬度)为协变量,比较流域(各土地利用类型面积所占比例)、河岸带(各土地利用面积所占比例)和河段尺度(水质、水力形态、水文、栖息地质量、底质类型等)下人类活动因子对鱼类和大型底栖动物群落特征的影响. 结果表明:在流域尺度上,林地和农村聚落用地面积所占比例解释了8.09%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,林地、旱地、城镇建设用地和农村聚落用地面积所占比例解释了18.28%的大型底栖动物群落特征空间变异;在河岸带尺度上,城镇建设用地面积所占比例解释了4.26%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,没有环境因子对大型底栖动物群落特征产生显著影响;在河段尺度上,电导率、ρ(TDS)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)、河宽、QHEI(a qualitative habitat evaluation index,栖息地评估指数)、ρ(DO)、ρ(TN)、硬度和pH解释了36.60%的鱼类群落特征空间变异,电导率、ρ(TDS)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)解释了14.65%的大型底栖动物群落特征空间变异.河段尺度人类活动因子对鱼类群落特征的直接影响最为显著,其次为流域尺度,河岸带尺度的影响最小;流域尺度和河段尺度人类活动因子对大型底栖动物群落特征影响大致相同. 河段尺度的水力形态和水质状况主要受流域尺度土地利用变化的影响,其次是河岸带尺度. 土地利用变化对水力形态的影响较水质更大.      

Anthropometric evaluation of cockpit designs

The objective of this research is to evaluate all the critical reaches in a cockpit and determine the visual sufficiency of a cockpit to accommodate 90% of potential pilots. While mismatches of measurements with cockpit dimensions are revealed, proposals are made to improve cockpit ergonomics. Regression models were generated to predict and assure adequate exterior vision. Mean, lower and upper control limits of all measurements were found acceptable except eye level. There are very strong positive relationships between stature and eye level (R²?=?0.972, p?R²?=?0.994, p?SD smaller than the eye level mean or seating adjustment limits in height may be changed. In general, cockpit design is acceptable in terms of fit/reach accommodation for pilots, except eye level and visual variables that could be solved by better seat adjustments.     

河口潮滩湿地CH4、CO2排放通量对氮硫负荷增强的响应

以闽江河口区高、中潮滩短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,于2014年6—11月植物生长季进行氮硫负荷增强实验,利用静态箱-气象色谱法测定土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,氮硫负荷增强对潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的影响不尽一致.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(107.53%,7.19%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量增加了3.39%,中潮滩减少了3.00%;NO_3~--N输入使高潮滩CH4、CO_2排放通量分别增加了(29.99%,16.99%),使中潮滩分别减少了(3.45%,4.77%);SO_4~(2-)-S输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别减少了(8.99%,7.67%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量减少了3.87%,中潮滩增加了5.44%;N-S复合输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(72.48%,25.66%),CO_2排放通量提高了(13.32%,13.48%).氮硫负荷增强改变了短叶茳芏沼泽生长季CH_4、CO_2排放通量变化规律,但除了NH+4-N处理对高潮滩CH4通量的影响显著外,其他处理影响均未达到显著性水平.相关分析显示,高、中潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量与土壤温度,含水率具有显著的正线性相关关系,与土壤电导率相关性不显著.在全球环境问题日益严重背景下,系统研究湿地生态系统温室气体排放的机制与规律,对于准确估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要而直接的意义.     

岷江大桥控制单元水体氨氮和总磷源解析

采用单因素法对岷江流域国控断面的岷江大桥水体进行评价,从污染源分担率、污染物时空变化等方面解析污染物的主要来源与变化。结果表明,水体不达标的主要因子为氨氮和总磷;污染物的主要来自城镇生活污水和规模化畜禽养殖废水的不达标排放,按各个污染源占比统计,2个主要污染源对于氨氮和总磷的污染分担率分别是42.54%、35.31%;受上游来水、其他补给水源的影响,氨氮浓度集中在1~5月超标严重,在2013年4月份出现峰值,总磷在2011~2014年普遍超标严重,在2014年5月出现峰值,由于"十二五"期间治污力度的加强,2015年氨氮污染趋势得到控制,总磷浓度明显有所降低,MIKE 21二维水动力水质模型模拟显示只要汇入支流断面均达到要求、污染负荷得到有效控制,控制单元能满足达标要求;最后从源头减排、区域综合整治、全程监管3个方面构建了使控制单元水体达标的策略。     

闽江下游北港河段污染物运动特性模拟与分析

建立了闽江下游北港河段二维水动力、水质耦合模型,对不同排污口污染带特征进行了分析比较,结果表明：排污口的布置对北港水质有很大影响,在排放相同浓度相同流量的污染物时,各排污口污染带长度和宽度完全不同。各排污口污染带长度明显大于宽度,彬德闸、江泗闸产生的污染带比较短,五孔闸、九孔闸污染带很长,在排放流量为40m^3／s,排放浓度为15mg/L时,在彬德闸或江泗闸排放对东南水厂水质影响较小,在五孔闸或九孔闸排放对东南水厂造成很大的影响。     

面向对象的河口滩涂冲淤变化遥感分析

河口滩涂位于江河入海口前沿,其岸线受江河上游来水来沙、海水潮汐动力和人为因素影响处于不断变化中。针对遥感人工目视解译判读出岸线进行冲淤变化分析方法的不足,提出了面向对象的岸线遥感识别提取方法,阐述了整个遥感迭代识别提取过程。以长江河口崇明东滩为实验区,选取长江口1990年12月4日、1995年4月6日、2000年6月14日和2005年11月27日4个时相的陆地卫星TM/ETM+遥感影像,对其进行基于面向对象的识别处理,直接提取相应年份的岸线和滩涂陆域多边形,对4个年份的陆域多边形进行空间叠加分析,得到了崇明东滩自1990年以来15年间的冲淤空间变化。应用表明面向对象的遥感分析识别技术在河口滩涂冲淤变化分析中具有准确、快速、简便的特点。