Comparative study of different advective schemes: Application to the MECCA model

A 3-D version of the MECCA model (Model of Estuarine and Coastal Circulation Assessment) is used to simulate the dynamics of the Eastern part of the English Channel. This area is characterized by a strong tidal turbulent regime and a frontal zone identified near the French coast by a low-salinity band. The model uses the upwind scheme to approximate the advective terms. Results show that the model overestimates the band width of the frontal zone and that this anomaly is definitely caused by the numerical diffusion introduced by the so-called upwind scheme (first-order approximation). In this paper, we study the flux-limiter schemes as an alternative to the upwind method in order to reduce this non-physical diffusion. To illustrate the improvements provided by this type of schemes, a comparison in 2-D schematic cases is made between the upwind and centered scheme with more recent higher-order schemes combined with limiter namely Minmod, Superbee, Van Leer and Monotonized Centered (MC) (called also MUSCL scheme). Respecting the CFL condition, our numerical simulations show that the flux-limiter schemes reduce the numerical diffusion and eliminate the oscillations caused by the non-limited higher-order schemes. For the schematic and realistic cases, the Superbee limiter is a good compromise between shape preservation and computational cost.     

苍山5.2级地震前后井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的短临异常变化

将尹祥础固体潮加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入到地下水位潮汐资料计算中,从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理,从理论上论证可以应用地下水位观测资料来计算加卸载响应比,并研究出利用地下水位对固体潮响应来计算加卸载响应比的方法。以此方法计算了山东省莒南井（Ｌｕ １４井）水位的固体潮加卸载响应比,分析了１９９５年苍山５２级地震前后井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的短临异常变化。     

Towards carrying capacity assessment for aquaculture in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines: A numerical study of tidal circulation

The increase in intensive aquaculture production in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines reached the point of harmful influence to production stock. Up to the present, there has been no estimation of aquaculture carrying capacity which is based on quantification of processes responsible for (a) water quality inside the units, (b) impact to the seabed and (c) water quality in the whole Bolinao Bay. The numerical estimation of tidal circulation, which is the most dominant part of the hydrodynamical regime in the Bolinao Bay, represents an unavoidable step in the carrying capacity determination considering points (a), (b) and (c). The hydrodynamical model we apply is a free surface, 3D finite element tidal model, forced with sea elevation dynamics at three open boundaries. It incorporates an increase in bottom stress drag coefficients in the coral areas and advanced transport corrected advection scheme. The model simulations of water flow show good agreement with measured currents in the central part of the Bolinao Bay, southern and northeastern channel, while agreement in the areas in vicinity of northern channel is not as tight. In order to provide an insight into the water exchange in aquaculture units, to support local water quality models and seabed deposition models (points (a) and (b)), the area is mapped with neap tide mean, spring tide mean and 14-day mean current velocity contours. The highest 14-day mean velocities are attained in the southern channel (>17 cm s⁻¹), while the mean velocities characteristic for northern part (<6 cm s⁻¹) and shallow areas of coral reefs (<2 cm s⁻¹) are much lower. Area-mean difference between spring tide and 14-day mean velocities is estimated to be 18.32% (std=7.31%), while difference between neap tide and 14-day mean velocities is 17.62 % (std=11.19%). To support global basin-wide water quality models (point (c)), retention of water in the bay is estimated by Lagrangian and Eulerian calculation procedure of mean residence time field. Both calculations estimate the highest (no-wind) residence times (Lan: 25.4 days, Eul: 21.03 days) in the central northern part, but most of the area (Lan: 73.11%, Eul: 79.31%) is characterized by residence time values significantly lower than 15 days. The results are readily applicable for upcoming implementation in the models of local (aquaculture units, seabed) and basin-wide (Bolinao Bay) nutrient dynamics, primary and secondary production, organic matter decomposition and oxygen dynamics.     

近年来渤海湾赤潮监控区营养盐变化及其结构特征分析

根据2004~2006年进行的连续监测结果,分析、探讨了渤海湾赤潮监控区表层海水营养盐的污染现状、变化规律及其结构特征。结果表明:近年来,渤海湾赤潮监控区海域受到了DIP、DIN污染,水体处于严重的富营养化状态,且DIN的污染程度明显高于DIP;除个别项目外,渤海湾赤潮监控区以S4站营养盐含量最高,原因是S4站靠近河口,大量生活污水排放所致;在赤潮多发期,表层海水N、P、Si含量存在明显的月变化特征。6月份营养盐含量最低,8月份最高。年际变化表明:NH4-N的年际变化最为明显,表现为逐年递减的趋势,而SiO3-Si的年际变化最小。赤潮监控区DIN一直处于热力学平衡状态,NO3-N占DIN含量的57%~78%。近年来DIN/PO4-P和SiO3-Si/PO4-P逐年增加,而SiO3-Si/DIN则逐年降低。     

2006年夏季浙江海域赤潮生物群落分布

研究了2006年夏季浙江海域(120°～128°E,26°～30°N)91个站位赤潮生物物种组成及群落分布,共检出赤潮生物4门30属69种,其中角毛藻属和原多甲藻属种类数占优势.赤潮生物种类数及数量分布由近岸向外海递减且有随水深增加而减少的趋势,高值区为舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域.舟山群岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为旋链角毛藻,是新的引发赤潮的潜在藻种;南麂列岛海域夏季赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻,与往年调查结果相符.舟山群岛和南麂列岛海域仍然是浙江海域赤潮发生敏感区.     

北海湾赤潮形成原因及机理

通过对北海湾开发盛期(1995~2004年)10 a间DIN、DIP、Chla.的分布特征及其与环境条件、环境因子之间关系的分析,探讨了该湾赤潮形成的原因和机理.结果表明:该湾赤潮的形成是以高N高P高Chl.a为主要特征,但P是1995年首次发生赤潮最重要的环境因子,是引发赤潮的内因,而N在该年度赤潮形成的过程中却以外因的作用出现,通过内因而引发赤潮;但在该湾生态环境演变的过程中,2004年的N已在海湾自身增补作用影响下从1995年的外因向内因位置迈进,与P同时跃居内因地位,赤潮的隐患已呈加重趋势.相关分析显示,作为诱发该湾赤潮的N、P营养盐,其来源途径并不一致,DIN突出了陆源径流输入的重大影响作用;而DIP则以海湾自身的再生补充为主,其中湾内沉积物中P的聚积及释放作用是引发该湾赤潮的最重要的内因.     

基于多时相遥感数据的九段沙潮滩高程获取

潮滩高程获取是掌握潮滩冲淤变化、合理开发潮滩资源的一项基础工作。针对潮滩高程常规测量成本高、工作量大的问题,讨论了基于多时相遥感数据的九段沙潮滩高程获取方法。该方法主要包括遥感影像选择、水边线自动提取,以及水边点的高程计算3个步骤。遥感水边线通常被当作等高线,但对于范围宽广的九段沙潮滩而言,水边线具有明显的起伏特征,不应该被简单地当作等高线。从九段沙2004年3个时相的Landsat TM影像中提取了3组不同高程水平的水边线;以水边线的顶点为水边点,依据九段沙周围4个潮位站在遥感影像采集时刻的瞬时潮位,采用简单趋势面插值法计算了所有水边点的高程。与潮滩实测数据对比分析的结果表明：水边点高程的平均绝对误差约为0138 m,精度约为9374%。     

浒苔绿潮与南黄海近岸海域水质的关系

浒苔绿潮在黄海海域连续暴发,为研究浒苔绿潮与该海域水质的关系,根据2010年3~6月5个航次对南黄海苏北近岸浒苔绿潮暴发区海域生态环境要素的调查数据,重点研究了该海域温度、盐度、溶解氧、pH值的分布特征及其与浒苔绿潮的关系.结果表明,受陆地径流及苏北沿岸流的影响,调查海区为低盐高营养盐区,为绿潮的暴发提供了一定物质基础.第1航次到第5航次温度由8.8℃升高到21.6℃,第3航次调查海区开始出现漂浮浒苔藻体,此航次温度平均值为14.6℃;盐度平均值为31.6,第3航次到第5航次温度和盐度值均处于浒苔藻体适宜的生长范围之内.调查海区整体上均处于富氧状态,且从第1航次到第5航次溶解氧值逐渐减低.受陆地径流的影响整个调查区域pH值基本都小于8.0.海区适宜的温度、盐度、溶解氧及pH值,为近些年黄海海域浒苔绿潮持续的大规模暴发,提供了一定的环境条件.     

缓释铜离子法去除海洋原甲藻赤潮生物的研究

赤潮灾害日趋严重 ,用硫酸铜去除赤潮是国际上仍在使用的最有效方法 .但直接使用硫酸铜易对渔业造成危害 .在研究高岭土、蒙脱土、硫酸铜和可溶玻璃粉去除赤潮藻的基础上 ,提出并研究了可溶玻璃载体缓释 Cu²⁺的方法去除赤潮藻 ,并对其凝聚和 Cu²⁺除藻模型进行了初步研究 .结果表明 ,可溶玻璃为载体的含铜除藻剂 TB对海洋原甲藻 (Prorocentrum micans)有明显的去除效果 ,可以极大地减少除藻剂的用量 .含铜越高 ,除藻能力越大 .当含 CuSO₄15%的 TB用量为 3.5mg/L时 ,藻细胞去除率在 12h内可达到 96.2%.由于其缓释 Cu²⁺的作用 ,能维持 7d时间藻细胞数目没有明显增加 .TB较硫酸铜减轻了投药过程中易造成局部 Cu²⁺浓度过高而伤害鱼类的缺点 .