广州市生活垃圾处理方式及物流管理方案优化

以广州市为例，运用多目标动态规划模型，以层次分析法（ＡＨＰ）进行综合效益的评估取值，经计算得出各个时期生活垃圾焚烧、制肥、资源化回收和填埋的比例与数量的优化方案，预测了各个规划期中设施的需求量，在此基础上运用最小费用规划模型，选取运输费用与处理费用为因子，同时把经济收入作为负费用从中扣除，计算出城市生活垃圾处理系统的最低费用，市属八区到各处理设施的垃圾流量的优化方案，为管理部门的决策提供了科学依据     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

低温条件下污泥静置沉降时间对城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能的影响

研究城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能与污泥静置沉降时间的关系,对城市污泥生物沥浸工程化应用具有指导性作用.因此,以城市生物沥浸污泥为研究对象,研究了低温条件下(5℃和15℃)污泥静置0～6d过程中,污泥pH值和脱水性能(用比阻γ表征)的变化情况.同时,对实验室污泥比阻与厢式压滤机中试结果进行了相关性分析.结果表明:温度增加将有利于污泥沉降,在实际运行中沥浸污泥可选择静置0.5d再进行压滤脱水.随着静置时间的延长,冬季(5℃)和春季(15℃)城市沥浸污泥pH值和比阻均呈逐渐上升的趋势.静置6d后,pH值分别从3.93和3.87上升到5.10和5.32,比阻γ分别从1.72×1012m·kg-1和1.76×1012m·kg-1上升到3.08×1012m·kg-1和5.82×1012m·kg-1.实验室污泥比阻测定和厢式压滤机中试结果表明,不同静置时间下污泥比阻γ与压滤机压滤脱水V-t/V曲线(V:滤液体积;t:过滤时间)斜率k呈极显著正相关关系,说明用污泥比阻γ能准确地反映出生物沥浸污泥的压滤脱水性能.这对生物沥浸技术在工程上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

城镇污水处理厂运行成本分析

对城镇污水处理厂运行成本的概念和组成进行分析和探讨,运行成本主要由人员费、动力费、维修费、药剂费和其他费用组成。以日处理量三万吨的城镇污水处理厂为例,结合实际工程经验,通过经验公式测算运行成本,其中动力费和维修费是运行成本的主要部分,占运行成本的78．6％,人员费占9．5％,药剂费7．1％,其他费用4．8％。并提出降低运行成本的相关措施,包括强化管理,定期保养设备,减低维修费用,改进运行方式和中水回用等。     

高动态离心机系统建模与仿真

高动态离心机是用于惯性部组件测试和考核的动态惯导测试设备,通过主轴变速旋转或改变仪器舱到主轴的距离等方式,在仪器舱内产生快速变化的加速度场,从而模拟部件或组件使用时的加速度环境。以某高动态离心机研制为背景,介绍了该设备的系统建模与仿真过程。通过在Simulink仿真平台上对设备机械系统、电机调速系统和系统扰动因素等模块化建模和时域仿真,预测了设备在不同设计参数和不同扰动条件下的时域动态特性,为系统设计和优化提供了详实完备的仿真数据支持。     

不同人工湿地系统处理生活污水的比较研究

以华南1号杂交狼尾草、海芋、春砂仁、文殊兰、美人蕉、沿阶草、鸢尾和红草为湿地植物,以煤渣、麻石、陶粒为填料构成几种人工湿地系统,对生活污水进行处理研究。结果表明:当进水COD浓度小于345mg/L时,各系统出水COD浓度均小于60 mg/L(停留时间为6 h),达到GB 18918-2002的一级B标准;当进水TP浓度在4.44~8.17 mg/L之间,NH4+-N浓度在41.3 mg/L以下,TN浓度在66.1 mg/L以下时,各系统出水TP、氨氮、总氮浓度分别小于1,25,20 mg/L(停留时间为12h),均达到GB18918-2002的二级B标准。     

DANO动态堆肥装置的特性研究

从理论上提出了DANO堆肥反应器的设计参数。利用堆肥热力学的热平衡,对直径小于1.23m的DANO筒,必须采取保温措施,才能达到发酵温度。根据设计参数,研制了实验模型,并研究了反应器特性,分析了物料在DANO筒内的运动特点和停留时间规律。     

中试清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响

以枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢为目标微生物,以紫外线消毒后的炭滤池出水为进水,在中试清水池模型中模拟氯消毒过程,通过改变清水池导流板数目获得不同的水力条件,研究清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响.结果表明,在本试验中,不同水力条件下以Ct10值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相互一致,而不同水力条件下以CT值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相差很大,表明Ct10是评价清水池消毒效率的合理指标;在Ct10=(100~300)mg.min/L的范围内,NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数为0.0016 L/(mg.min),与其他研究者的结果具有很好的一致性;清水池水力条件的改善可以提高消毒效率,在CT=(100~700)mg.min/L的范围内,当CT值固定时,随着清水池内导流板数增多,水力条件得到改善,t10增加,目标菌种的灭活率显著提高.     

时间困境与社会舆论权威——环境管理的权威结构制衡研究

环境资源的稀缺性已经使环境资源配置日益成为引发社会问题的主要变量之一.具有(准)公共物品属性的环境资源配置不合理引发的"公地悲剧"表现在时间轴上即为"时间困境".因为激励机制不足和成本过高等,靠市场机制的产权明晰和政府的强制管理并不能有效的解决环境资源配置的"时间困境".相反,在经济高速发展态势下,目标趋同的政府和企业会在某种程度上形成联合,造成现行环境管理权威结构的失衡.由公众自发形成的社会舆论在合法性前提下,有着解除"时间困境"的内在动因和成本优势,可以发展成为环境资源配置过程的有力的监督要素.要实现环境管理权威结构的内在制衡,还需要从公众内在自觉、外在制度,以及知识协助等三方面对内外环境进行创设.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.