以SRB颗粒污泥为载体的硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动研究

采用复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR),研究先驯化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)颗粒污泥、再以之为载体进行硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动,通过NH_4~+-N、SO_4~(2-)、COD等指标的变化探讨启动的效能。在7pH8.5、温度为(32±1)℃的条件下,采用低负荷启动方式,以CH_3COONa为有机碳源,通过逐步缩短HRT提高进水负荷来驯化培养硫酸盐还原菌颗粒污泥。结果表明,SO_4~(2-)与COD去除效果逐步达到稳定,最高去除率分别为86.2%和68.8%,S0全程积累并趋于稳定,经过60 d的驯化,SRB颗粒污泥平均粒径达到3 mm,硫酸盐还原反应启动成功。之后以驯化成熟的SRB颗粒污泥为载体,保持COD为50 mg/L,通过提高进水中NH+4-N和SO2-4负荷的方式启动硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化。结果表明,NH_4~+-N和SO_4~(2-)去除效果逐步上升并稳定在50%以上,最高分别达到52.5%与53.7%。硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化成功启动。     

A new approach to road accident rescue

Objective: This article develops and validates a new methodology and tool for rescue assistance in traffic accidents, with the aim of improving its efficiency and safety in the evacuation of people, reducing the number of victims in road accidents.

Method: Different tests supported by professionals and experts have been designed under different circumstances and with different categories of damaged vehicles coming from real accidents and simulated trapped victims in order to calibrate and refine the proposed methodology and tool.

Results: To validate this new approach, a tool called App_Rescue has been developed. This tool is based on the use of a computer system that allows an efficient access to the technical information of the vehicle and sanitary information of the common passengers. The time spent during rescue using the standard protocol and the proposed method was compared.

Conclusion: This rescue assistance system allows us to make vital information accessible in posttrauma care services, improving the effectiveness of interventions by the emergency services, reducing the rescue time and therefore minimizing the consequences involved and the number of victims. This could often mean saving lives. In the different simulated rescue operations, the rescue time has been reduced an average of 14%.     

CuO/AC@SiO_2的制备及对H_2S的深度脱除

采用模板法在CuO外包裹一层具有介孔结构的SiO_2,制备了CuO/AC@SiO_2。采用X射线衍射仪对CuO/AC@SiO_2的结构和催化活性位点进行了表征。通过固定床气固吸附实验,研究了CuO/AC@SiO_2对H_2S的吸附脱除性能。表征结果显示,CuO是催化氧化H_2S的活性中心,被氧化成Cu2O后吸附脱除H_2S的性能下降。实验结果表明:CuO/AC吸附H_2S时的有效穿透时间为117 min,CuO/AC@SiO_2的有效穿透时间提高到141 min,CuO/AC@SiO_2对H_2S的吸附性能明显提高;以Cu(NO_3)_2为前驱体的CuO/AC@SiO_2对H_2S的吸附量高于以Cu(AC)_2为前驱体;在Cu(NO_3)_2为前驱体、m(正硅酸乙酯)∶m(CuO/AC)=0.7、吸附温度为90℃的最佳条件下,CuO/AC@SiO_2对H_2S的吸附量达17.40 mg/g。     

串接组合式迷宫螺旋泵的气液两相流数值模拟及试验研究

为研究串接组合式迷宫螺旋泵在实际污水处理过程中的曝气增氧效果和内部的流动情况,应用计算流体力学FLUENT软件,基于混合物多相流模型,对串接组合式迷宫螺旋泵内部三维多相流场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同含气率条件下流场的压力、速度、气相分布情况,分析得出:泵的压力梯度在不同含气率下有所不同,但压力分布都是沿着轴向方向增加,增压效果明显;转子流域的速度明显高于定子流域,且随着含气率的增大,转子流域速度越来越小,定子流域速度越来越大;泵整体含气率比较均匀,随着含气率的增大,出口流域含气率明显高于进口流域和螺旋环流域,有大量气体聚集的现象。试验结果表明:泵的扬程模拟曲线和试验曲线基本吻合,扬程误差值在7%左右,说明数值模拟结果较为准确,串接组合式迷宫螺旋泵在进行气液混输时出口气泡均匀,水中含氧量多,具有良好的曝气增氧效果。     

羟基自由基快速致死水华针杆藻的研究

库区、河流富营养化加剧,水华频繁爆发形成的高藻水已严重威胁饮用水的安全.本文利用大气压强电离放电高效生成的氧活性粒子(OASs),通过高压射流器将其注入到处理高藻水的主管路中,生成羟基自由基(·OH),同时·OH对引起水华的针杆藻(Synedra sp.)进行杀灭.采用荧光染色、测定光合能力等生物学方法,确定·OH致死针杆藻的阈值浓度及致死时间.结果显示,当初始藻细胞密度为10×104、50×104和100×104cells·m L-1,致死阈值浓度分别为0.25、0.71和1.18 mg·L-1,而最大光量子产率Fv/Fm的值在1 s内由0.50迅速减小为不能检出,表明可在运输高藻水的管路中完成·OH的处理过程.本研究表明,·OH快速致死的方法可高效地处理高藻水.     

Frequency versus time lost measures of absenteeism: Is the voluntariness distinction an urban legend?

We investigate a long‐standing methodological rule of thumb, the idea that the frequency of absenteeism from work approximates an expression of voluntary behavior while total time lost better reflects involuntary behavior and ill health. Conducting original meta‐analyses and using results from existing meta‐analyses, we determine that time lost and frequency are equally reliable, that the relationship between them approximates unity when corrections for measurement artifacts are applied, and that there is very little evidence for differential criterion‐related validity predicated on the voluntariness distinction. We supply new meta‐analytic estimates of the reliability of absenteeism adjusted for aggregation period and determine that most extant meta‐analyses of the correlates of absenteeism have markedly under‐corrected for unreliability. Our results question the basic construct validity of the time lost–frequency distinction, and they contradict the practice of using “trigger points” that factor absence frequency into attendance monitoring and associated discipline systems so as to discourage short‐term absenteeism, assumed to be volitional. We conclude that the idea that time lost and frequency reflect different degrees of voluntariness is an unsupported urban research legend. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

It is time for justice: How time changes what we know about justice judgments and justice effects

Organizational justice is an important determinant of workplace attitudes, decisions, and behaviors. However, understanding workplace fairness requires not only examining what happens but also when it happens, in terms of justice events, perceptions, and reactions. We organize and discuss findings from 194 justice articles with temporal aspects, selected from over a thousand empirical justice articles. By examining temporal aspects, our findings enrich and sometimes challenge the answers to three key questions in the organizational justice literature relating to (i) when individuals pay attention to fairness, including specific facets, (ii) how fairness judgments form and evolve, and (iii) how reactions to perceived (in)justice unfold. Our review identifies promising avenues for empirical work and emphasizes the importance of developing temporal theories of justice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal sizing and siting of renewable energy resources in distribution systems considering time varying electrical/heating/cooling loads using PSO algorithm

Distributed Generation (DG) sources based on Renewable Energy (RE) can be the fastest growing power resources in distribution systems due to their environmental friendliness and also the limited sources of fossil fuels. In general, the optimal location and size of DG units have profoundly impacted on the system losses in a distribution network. In the present article, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to find the optimal location and size of DG units in a distribution system. The optimal location and size of DG units are determined on the basis of a multi-objective strategy as follows: (i) the minimization of network power losses, (ii) the minimization of the total costs of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), (iii) the improvement of voltage stability, and (iv) the minimization of greenhouse gas emissions. The related distribution system was assumed to be composed of the fuel cells, wind turbines, photovoltaic arrays, and battery storages. The electrical, cooling, and heating loads were also considered in this article. The heating and cooling requirements of the system consist of time varying water heating load, space heating load, and space cooling load. In this study, the waste and fuel cell were used to produce the required heating and cooling loads in the distribution system. In addition, the absorption chiller was used to supply the required space cooling loads. A detailed performance analysis was carried out on 13 bus radial distribution system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

Integrating Temporal Inequality into Conservation Planning to Improve Practice Design and Efficacy

In contrast to spatial inequality, there are currently no methods for leveraging information on temporal inequality to improve conservation efficacy. The objective of this study was to use Lorenz curves to quantify temporal inequality in surface runoff and tile drainage, identify controls on nutrient loading in these flowpaths, and develop design flows for structural conservation practices. Surface runoff (n = 94 site‐years) and tile drainage (n = 90 site‐years) were monitored on 40 fields in Ohio. Results showed, on average, 80% of nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (P), and total P loads occurred between 7 and 12 days per year in surface runoff and between 32 and 58 days per year in tile drainage. Similar temporal inequality between discharge and load provided evidence that loading was transport‐limited and highlighted the critical role hydrologic connectivity plays in nutrient delivery from tile‐drained fields. Design flow criterion for sizing structural practices based on load reduction goals was developed by combining Lorenz curves and flow duration curves. Comparing temporal inequality between fields and the Maumee River, the largest tributary to the western Lake Erie Basin, revealed challenges associated with achieving watershed load reduction goals with field‐scale conservation. In‐field (i.e., improved nutrient and water management), edge‐of‐field (i.e., structural practices), and instream practices will all be required to meet nutrient reduction goals from tile‐drained watersheds.     

Butterfly community shifts over two centuries

Environmental changes strongly impact the distribution of species and subsequently the composition of species assemblages. Although most community ecology studies represent temporal snap shots, long‐term observations are rather rare. However, only such time series allow the identification of species composition shifts over several decades or even centuries. We analyzed changes in the species composition of a southeastern German butterfly and burnet moth community over nearly 2 centuries (1840–2013). We classified all species observed over this period according to their ecological tolerance, thereby assessing their degree of habitat specialisation. This classification was based on traits of the butterfly and burnet moth species and on their larval host plants. We collected data on temperature and precipitation for our study area over the same period. The number of species declined substantially from 1840 (117 species) to 2013 (71 species). The proportion of habitat specialists decreased, and most of these are currently endangered. In contrast, the proportion of habitat generalists increased. Species with restricted dispersal behavior and species in need of areas poor in soil nutrients had severe losses. Furthermore, our data indicated a decrease in species composition similarity between different decades over time. These data on species composition changes and the general trends of modifications may reflect effects from climate change and atmospheric nitrogen loads, as indicated by the ecological characteristics of host plant species and local changes in habitat configuration with increasing fragmentation. Our observation of major declines over time of currently threatened and protected species shows the importance of efficient conservation strategies.