三级串联人工快渗系统处理高氨氮生活污水

以校园学生生活区高氨氮生活污水为研究对象,采用三级串联人工快渗系统研究其对污染物的去除效果。试验结果表明：三级串联人工快渗系统对COD、氨氮去除率较常规人工快渗系统分别提高了6%、3%,出水均满足GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物综合排放标准》一级A标准。总氮去除率提高了20%。C/N较低是影响提高总氮去除...     

Measuring mining safety with injury statistics: lost workdays as indicators of risk

PROBLEM: Mining in the United States remains one of the most hazardous industries, despite significant reductions in fatal injury rates over the last century. Coal mine fatality rates, for example, have dropped almost a thousand-fold since their peak in 1908. While incidence rates are very important indicators, lost worktime measures offer an alternative metric for evaluating job safety and health performance. The first objective of this study examined the distributions and summary statistics of all injuries reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration from 1983 through 2004. Over the period studied (1983-2004), there were 31,515,368 lost workdays associated with mining injuries, for an equivalent of 5,700 person-years lost annually. The second objective addressed the problem of comparing safety program performance in mines for situations where denominator data were lacking. By examining the consequences of injuries, comparisons can be made between disparate operations without the need for denominators. Total risk in the form of lost workday sums can help to distinguish between lower- and higher-risk operations or time periods. METHOD: Our method was to use a beta distribution to model the losses and to compare underground coal mining to underground metal/nonmetal mining from 2000 to 2004. RESULTS: Our results showed the probability of an injury having 10 or more lost workdays was 0.52 for coal mine cases versus 0.35 for metal/nonmetal mine cases. In addition, a comparison of injuries involving continuous mining machines over 2001-2002 versus 2003-2004 showed that the ratio of average losses in the later period to those in the earlier period was approximately 1.08, suggesting increasing risks for such operations. DISCUSSION: This denominator-free safety measure will help the mining industry more effectively identify higher-risk operations and more realistically evaluate their safety improvement programs. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Attention to a variety of metrics concerning the performance of a job safety and health program will enhance industry's ability to manage these programs and reduce risk.     

基于关联维的事故时间序列分形特征分析

根据我国"十五"期间事故统计数据,构造了一个事故时间序列;基于相空间重构理论,对事故序列进行了相空间重构,应用G-P算法,对事故时间序列的分形特征进行了研究,计算得出事故时间序列的关联维数。研究结果表明:当嵌入维数达到8以后,该事故动力学系统具有稳定的关联维数4.7,说明至少有5个因子在影响着事故时间序列的动态变化,并且该系统的有效自由度为8。本研究对建立事故时间序列的预测模型有较大的参考价值。     

A new photon kinetic-measure based on the kinetics of electron-hole pairs in photodegradation of textile wastewater using the UV-H2O2FS-TiO2 process

Actual textile wastewater and synthesized wastewater containing various textile dyes were photocatalytic degraded by the UVH2O2Fs-TiO2 process in an aimular-flow photocatalytic reactor. In this process, a photon kinetic-measure was adopted to obtain constant rates of dyes decomposition. It was theorized that, by illumination at different UV frequencies, the electrons within the semiconductor were excited from the valence band to the conduction band, yielding the formation of electron-hole pairs which are the pre-requisites for photocatalysis. CPT （critical photonic time） exposure required to cause 90% of vibrations between the double and single bonds along the molecular chain of the dyes to be oxidized, was taken to measure the photocatalytic activities. The CPTs varied with the frequencies of the UV spectral areas. The derivatization of CPT from the first-order kinetic law was presented.     

基于改进Togawa模型的人员疏散时间预测模型研究

为解决传统疏散模型在计算人员疏散时间时参数不确定的问题,采用离散算法和Fruin模型对传统的Togawa疏散模型进行改进,先将时间离散为多个微小单元,假设各时间单元内人流密度不变,然后通过Fruin模型确定Togawa模型参数值,并运用迭代法累计各单元时间得到疏散时间,提高了计算的精确度.以辽宁工程技术大学博雅楼紧急情况下人员疏散为例进行分析,结果表明,改进的Togawa疏散模型预测的人员疏散时间与实际疏散时间相对误差为3.6％,预测精确度较高.     

新型双循环厌氧反应器的设计与水力特性研究

结合IC与EGSB的特点,同时根据厌氧处理理论,设计了新型双循环厌氧反应器,用于处理高浓度含有毒物质工业废水,并以Li Cl作为示踪剂,对该反应器不同水力停留时间(HRT)下的水力特性进行了研究。结果表明,在无循环时,各HRT下双循环厌氧反应器的C-θ曲线为不对称的单峰曲线。HRT为6,9,12 h时,反应器的死区比例分别为0.165,0.155,0.146。反应器呈推流流态,且随着HRT的增加,推流作用逐渐加强而完全混合作用逐渐减弱。当存在双循环时,在HRT为6,9,12 h的条件下,反应器第一反应区的σ2分别为0.249,0.179,0.113,第二反应区的σ2分别为0.135,0.112,0.106。双循环增大了反应器的返混程度,且与第一反应区相比,第二反应区更趋于推流式。     

基于ARIMA干预模型和对比分析的安徽省“清剿火患”效果研究

为了研究"清剿火患"行动对安徽省火灾形势的抑制作用,采用ARIMA干预模型与火灾数据对比的方法对2007—2012年安徽省火灾统计数据进行了分析。2种ARIMA干预模型都能检测到"清剿火患"行动对季节调整后火灾起数时间序列的抑制效果。根据干预模型,抑制效果在"清剿火患"行动开展后第3个月时出现,火灾立即减少约300起,随后抑制效果逐渐衰减。在"清剿火患"行动开展14个月后,抑制效果几乎衰减为0。通过对比"清剿火患"期间与2009-10—2010-02、2010-10—2011-02的火灾统计数据,发现"清剿火患"行动期间的火灾起数较前两年同期的火灾起数大幅度降低,平均降幅达64%。在此基础上又分析了不同火灾原因、火灾场所和火灾起数的降低情况。对比发现,"清剿火患"期间火灾死亡人数与死亡人数不低于3人的火灾起数均降低为0。     

Modeling the Effects of Extreme Drought on Pollutant Transport Processes in the Yangtze River Estuary

Water resources in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), which is the vital water supply for Shanghai, decreased by approximately 2.45 Gm³ in 2006, the second‐worst recorded drought year. A numerical model was developed to investigate the effects of this extreme drought on pollutant transport processes in the YRE. The model was calibrated against observations and displayed good agreement. Residence time, a critical hydrodynamic indicator, was implemented to indicate pollutant transport processes. Numerical experiments were conducted to examine the possibly drought‐induced influences. The model results demonstrated that the influences on pollutant transport processes varied spatially and temporally, and these influences could partly explain the observed temporal and spatial variations of total nitrate in 2006. The area most susceptible to drought is in the north branch with 2‐11 days' extension of residence time. As the drought occurred in both the high and normal water periods, its influences were more significant during the normal water period with saltwater intrusion into the north branch. The drought also introduced a pollutant transport lag in timescale of approximately five days by diminishing the seaward advection flux with freshwater discharge. In 2006, the magnified tidal influence during the drought contributed more than usual to structuring pollutant transport, as the pollutant transport processes were intensely associated with tidal flow and tidal cycle.     

Measuring disaster recovery: bouncing back or reaching the counterfactual state?

How should one measure the recovery of a locale from a disaster? The measurement is crucial from a public policy and administration standpoint to determine which places should receive disaster assistance, and it affects the performance evaluation of disaster recovery programmes. This paper compares two approaches to measuring recovery: (i) bouncing back to pre‐disaster conditions; and (ii) attaining the counterfactual state. The former centres on returning to normalcy following disaster‐induced losses, whereas the latter focuses on attaining the state, using quasi‐experimental design, which would have existed if the disaster had not occurred. Both are employed here to assess two housing recovery indicators (total new units and their valuations) in Hurricane Katrina‐affected counties (rural and urban). The examination reveals significantly different outcomes for the two approaches: counties have not returned to their pre‐disaster housing conditions, but they do exhibit counterfactual recovery. Moreover, rural counties may not be as vulnerable as assumed in the disaster recovery literature.     

Regional and Temporal Differences in Nitrate Trends Discerned from Long‐Term Water Quality Monitoring Data

Riverine nitrate (NO₃) is a well‐documented driver of eutrophication and hypoxia in coastal areas. The development of the elevated river NO₃ concentration is linked to anthropogenic inputs from municipal, agricultural, and atmospheric sources. The intensity of these sources has varied regionally, through time, and in response to multiple causes such as economic drivers and policy responses. This study uses long‐term water quality, land use, and other ancillary data to further describe the evolution of river NO₃ concentrations at 22 monitoring stations in the United States (U.S.). The stations were selected for long‐term data availability and to represent a range of climate and land‐use conditions. We examined NO₃ at the monitoring stations, using a flow‐weighting scheme meant to account for interannual flow variability allowing greater focus on river chemical conditions. River NO₃ concentration increased strongly during 1945‐1980 at most of the stations and have remained elevated, but stopped increasing during 1981‐2008. NO₃ increased to a greater extent at monitoring stations in the Midwest U.S. and less so at those in the Eastern and Western U.S. We discuss 20th Century agricultural development in the U.S. and demonstrate that regional differences in NO₃ concentration patterns were strongly related to an agricultural index developed using principal components analysis. This unique century‐scale dataset adds to our understanding of long‐term NO₃ patterns in the U.S.