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61.
Hugo A. Loaiciga Stephen Renehan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1313-1326
ABSTRACT: This paper synthesizes and interprets data pertaining to the evolution of average water revenue, water use, and the average cost of water supply in the City of Santa Barbara, California, from 1986 to 1996, a period which included one of the most devastating droughts in California this century. The 1987–1992 drought hit the study area particularly hard. The City of Santa Barbara was dependent exclusively on local sources for its water supply. That made it vulnerable as the regional climate is prone to extreme variability and recurrent droughts. The 1986–1992 drought provided a rare opportunity to assess the sensitivity of municipal water use to pricing, conservation, and other water management measures under extreme drought conditions. Our analysis indicates that the average cost of water rose more than three-fold in real terms from 1986 to 1996, while the gap between the average cost of supply and the average revenue per unit of water (= 100 cubic feet) rose in real terms from $0.14 in 1986 to $ 0.75 in 1996. The rise of $3.08 in the average cost of supplying one unit of water between 1986 and 1996 measures the cost of hedging drought risk in the study area. Water use dropped 46 percent at the height of the drought relative to pro-drought water use, and remains at 61 percent of the pre-drought level. The data derived from the 1987–1992 California drought are unique and valuable insofar as shedding light on drought/water demand adaptive interactions. The experience garnered on drought management during that unique period points to the possibilities available for future water management in the Arid West where dwindling water supplies and burgeoning populations are facts that we must deal with. 相似文献
62.
Alberto Padilla Antonio Pulido-Bosch Maria L. Calvache Angela Vallejos 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(5):917-928
ABSTRACT: Autoregressive moving average (ABMA) models have been applied to study the flow series of the karstic springs of La Villa, Fuente Mayor (Spain), and Aliou (France). The theoretical meaning of the parameters involved in the model upon applying it to a simplified scheme of the emptying of a karstic aquifer is first analyzed. The types of transformations necessary to apply these models to the flow series that lack normality and have strong periodic components are also indicated, as are the advantages of this type of model and the physical significance of the parameters obtained, with respect to the standpoint of hydraulics, ranging from rather homogeneous aquifers (La Villa) to extremely karstic (Aliou), including aquifers with intermediate characteristics (Fuente Mayor). 相似文献
63.
64.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴特征--以塔中地区为例 总被引:13,自引:2,他引:13
塔克拉玛干沙漠是中国油气开发的重要区域,沙尘暴是该区域重要的灾害性天气,但以往相关的研究很少。为了了解塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴的发生规律,利用塔中气象站1997-2002年的气象资料,对塔中地区沙尘暴的强度、过程、类型和时间变化等特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)塔中年平均沙尘暴日数为16.83d,较沙漠北缘的轮台和沙漠南缘的民丰、和田为多,体现出沙尘源对沙尘暴发生的影响;(2)沙尘暴发生之前出现明显的风速突然降低和风向转换;(3)同塔里木盆地其它区域一样,塔中沙尘暴也可分为5种类型,其主导类型为冷空气东灌型;(4)沙尘暴时间变化规律明显,且从20世纪90年代至21世纪初,塔中沙尘暴日数与持时明显下降,同全疆的变化趋势一致。 相似文献
65.
我国十一五规划对煤炭发展做出了新的要求,要建立和谐社会,煤矿安全是煤炭行业和谐发展的第一要务.煤矿安全立法相对滞后,现行法律缺乏针对性和可操作性,应加强煤矿安全立法.加强煤矿安全司法力度,对有效预防煤矿安全事故意义重大,同时应积极开展煤矿安全法制教育,提高煤矿从业人员的安全法治意识.强化煤矿安全执法力度,执法必严,是保障煤矿安全的关键环节. 相似文献
66.
食品安全管理存在问题及其对策研究 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
孙斌 《中国安全科学学报》2006,16(11):48-53
食品是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。当前食品安全形势严峻,面临来自多方面的挑战。食物中毒、滥用杀虫剂、采用新技术和新工艺等带来的食品安全问题,还有生产流通环节的问题。笔者论述了食品安全的定义及内涵;介绍国内、外食品安全现状的基础上,分析了食品安全的重要性;进而提出了食品安全的可行性对策:完善我国食品安全法律法规与标准体系,建立和健全食品安全管理的专门机构,加强食品流通秩序的管理,构建系统的食品安全教育培训体系,加强社会监督,发挥消费者在食品安全问题中的积极作用等。 相似文献
67.
通过对不同标准的变光焊接眼护具响应时间定义分析,提出各标准定义及计算值的区别,以利于帮助消费者进行产品选择和企业对产品设计的改进。 相似文献
68.
简要叙述了常用的信号处理系统的类型与处理机结构,介绍了正逐步得到广泛应用的DSP+FPGA处理机结构,在此基础上提出了一种实时信号处理的线性流水阵列,并举例说明了该结构的具体实现,最后分析说明了此结构的优越性。 相似文献
69.
70.
Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger 《Natural resources forum》2004,28(1):61-74
This article develops a practical proposal for progress on sustainable development law. It examines the prospects for an international sustainable development law to provide a framework for more effective, coherent governance. Sustainable development law is briefly defined and an analytical framework is provided. Different degrees of integration between economic, social and environmental law are described. Certain principles of international law related to sustainable development are also highlighted. It is argued that these principles may serve to guide law‐makers and jurists where social, economic and environmental law and policy conflict or overlap. Continuing, underlying questions of sustainable development governance are addressed and its global frameworks analysed. The article also focuses on the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg in August‐September 2002, and its specific mandate for the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) to take related legal developments into account. The article advances a proposal: that governments, economic, social and environmental intergovernmental organizations and other actors establish a ‘network of inquiry’ with members from relevant groups, including legal and academic organizations, and other expert groups, in order to follow, research, analyse and debate legal developments in a balanced way. 相似文献