典型燃煤电厂废SCR催化剂解析及环境管理思考

目的提出废烟气脱硝催化剂成分解析、产生量预测及处理处置的对策。方法用ICP方法对烟气选择性催化还原脱硝过程中产生的大量废SCR催化剂化学成分等进行分析。采用数学模型对废SCR产生量进行估算,并在此基础上给出将废SCR催化剂列入危废名单的原因。结果在燃煤电厂装机容量的基础上进行理论推算,我国将从2017年开始大量产生SCR催化剂固体废弃物,并会逐年增加,在2020年以后逐步稳定在25×104~30×104 m3/a。废SCR催化剂中Ti的含量最高,约占23.3%~46.2%。W,V,Mo,Ba是SCR催化剂中的活性组分,并且不同SCR催化剂中活性组分的含量并不相同。钒的含量对废SCR催化剂的潜在判定影响较大。SCR催化剂可能会吸附砷、汞、镉等重金属以及各种飞灰成分等物质,从而增加了废SCR催化剂的化学成分。依据《国家危险废物名录》第二条的相关规定,鉴于废烟气脱硝催化剂不排除具有危险特性,且不处理或处理不当可能对环境或者人体健康造成有害影响。基于此,本研究团队将烟气脱硝过程中产生的废钒钛系催化剂建议纳入危险废物统一管理。结论废SCR催化剂是我国近期出现并将长期存在的一种脱硝危废,尚缺乏符合国情的处理处置经验。为了建设"天蓝、地绿、水清"的美丽中国,需要继续探索可行的废SCR催化剂的监督和管理措施,完善各项标准和法规,最终实现对废SCR催化剂进行有效的监管。     

Anaerobic digestion in mesophilic and room temperature conditions: Digestion performance and soil-borne pathogen survival

Tomato plant waste(TPW) was used as the feedstock of a batch anaerobic reactor to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion on Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici survival. Batch experiments were carried out for TS(total solid) concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6% respectively, at mesophilic(37 ± 1°C) and room(20–25°C) temperatures. Results showed that higher digestion performance was achieved under mesophilic digestion temperature and lower TS concentration conditions. The biogas production ranged from 71 to 416 L/kg VS(volatile solids). The inactivation of anaerobic digestion tended to increase as digestion performance improved. The maximum log copies reduction of R. solanacearum and P. capsici detected by quantitative PCR(polymerase chain reaction) were 3.80 and 4.08 respectively in reactors with 4% TS concentration at mesophilic temperatures. However, both in mesophilic and room temperature conditions, the lowest reduction of R. solanacearum was found in the reactors with 6% TS concentration, which possessed the highest VFA(volatile fatty acid) concentration. These findings indicated that simple accumulation of VFAs failed to restrain R. solanacearum effectively, although the VFAs were considered poisonous. P. capsici was nearly completely dead under all conditions. Based on the digestion performance and the pathogen survival rate, a model was established to evaluate the digestate biosafety.     

危险废物多目标规划模型研究

根据危险废物系统管理的原则,采用全过程管理理念,运用最优化理论和系统分析方法,充分考虑各种因素,建立了危险废物多目标规划模型,并提出模型的求解方法。考虑废物间的相容性和复合效用函数,将所建立的危险废物多目标规划模型应用于重庆市主城区危险废物系统管理规划。结果表明,在设计的案例和场景下,分别以环境影响、经济因素、综合考虑环境因素和经济因素为首要因素考虑时,得到不同的优化方案。该模型的应用为环境管理者对危险废物系统管理提供了决策支持。     

Environmental and economic benefit of recycling model of packaging waste: a case study on aluminum

Abstract

In order to achieve sustainable utilization of natural resources, save energy and protect environment and ecosystem, it is important for a region or a nation to develop and implement a viable waste recycling model from both theoretical and practical point of view. Some packaging recycling models operated in developed countries are introduced in this article. Aluminium can recovery and recycling is emphasized. Cost effective, economic and environmental benefit of different models are compared and analyzed. The result shows that all recycling models have their characteristics due to the initial purpose of recovery and the situation of the implementing country. However, all the models contribute to the reduction of municipal solid waste disposal and resources conservation.     

Optimal site selection for fluting paper mill from agricultural wastes in Golestan Province,Iran

Today, the issue of site selection for industrial units in developing countries which are poor in wood resources is considered as a vital matter and it is one of the key measures in the process of building industrial and giving service units. In every country there are some provinces and states which are more useful than other parts owing to primary infrastructures and facilities for industrialisation. As one of the suitable provinces of Iran, thanks to its lignocelluloses resources with 1,822,696 tons of exploitable waste, Golestan Province has a very good potential for building lignocelluloses products mills, such as fluting paper. For this end, in 2010, effective indices in fluting paper mill establishment were recognised in Golestan Province. Results showed that materials and products were the most important main indices and the preparation cost of raw materials was the most important sub-index. Finally, questionnaires were prepared for the best site selection and choices were evaluated according to the structure of interests and costs. The results of calculations performed through analytical hierarchy processes and in Expert Choice Software indicated that Gonbad City had the highest interest/cost ratio, and therefore, it is the best place for the establishment of floating paper mills from agricultural wastes in Golestan Province.     

Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

● Blackwater is the main source of organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater. ● Various treatment methods can be applied for resource recovery from blackwater. ● Blackwater treatment systems of high integration and efficiency are the future trend. ● More research is needed for the practical use of blackwater treatment systems. Blackwater (BW), consisting of feces, urine, flushing water and toilet paper, makes up an important portion of domestic wastewater. The improper disposal of BW may lead to environmental pollution and disease transmission, threatening the sustainable development of the world. Rich in nutrients and organic matter, BW could be treated for resource recovery and reuse through various approaches. Aimed at providing guidance for the future development of BW treatment and resource recovery, this paper presented a literature review of BWs produced in different countries and types of toilets, including their physiochemical characteristics, and current treatment and resource recovery strategies. The degradation and utilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within BW are underlined. The performance of different systems was classified and summarized. Among all the treating systems, biological and ecological systems have been long and widely applied for BW treatment, showing their universality and operability in nutrients and energy recovery, but they are either slow or ineffective in removal of some refractory pollutants. Novel processes, especially advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are becoming increasingly extensively studied in BW treatment because of their high efficiency, especially for the removal of micropollutants and pathogens. This review could serve as an instructive guidance for the design and optimization of BW treatment technologies, aiming to help in the fulfilment of sustainable human excreta management.     

Effect of organic matter and moisture on the calorific value of solid wastes: An update of the Tanner diagram

Objective of the work was to experimentally determine the effect of the organic matter and moisture contents on the calorific value of organic solid wastes. Nine substrates (i.e. newsprint, biodried municipal solid wastes, municipal solid waste derived composts, wastewater sludges, and sea weed derived compost), with organic matter contents that ranged from 12% to 91% (dry weight) were used in the experiments. All substrates were dried and ground and deionized water was artificially added in order to achieve certain target moisture contents per substrate. The higher heating value (HHV) was, then, determined experimentally for each sample using a bomb calorimeter. Best reduced models were developed to describe the higher and lower heating values as a function of organic matter, ash and moisture contents. A triangular plot was constructed and the self-sustained combustion area was determined and compared to that of the Tanner diagram. Response surfaces were drawn to visually assess the effect of organic matter and moisture contents on the calorific value of the wastes.     

Thermal valorization of post-consumer film waste in a bubbling bed gasifier

The use of plastic bags and film packaging is very frequent in manifold sectors and film waste is usually present in different sources of municipal and industrial wastes. A significant part of it is not suitable for mechanical recycling but could be safely transformed into a valuable gas by means of thermal valorization. In this research, the gasification of film wastes has been experimentally investigated through experiments in a fluidized bed reactor of two reference polymers, polyethylene and polypropylene, and actual post-consumer film waste. After a complete experimental characterization of the three materials, several gasification experiments have been performed to analyze the influence of the fuel and of equivalence ratio on gas production and composition, on tar generation and on efficiency. The experiments prove that film waste and analogue polymer derived wastes can be successfully gasified in a fluidized bed reactor, yielding a gas with a higher heating value in a range from 3.6 to 5.6 MJ/m³ and cold gas efficiencies up to 60%.     

微量金属强化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化优化条件研究

采用L9(34)正交试验,研究了CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2 ·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD减量及累积产气量的影响,确定了三因素的主次顺序及最优工艺条件.结果表明,当CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O的投加量分别为0.1 mg/(L·d)、1 mg/(L·d)和0.4 mg/(L·d)时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效果均最优.在此条件下,经过25 d单相厌氧消化,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS、COD的去除率及累积产气量分别达到46.04％、61.02％、58.24％和27 433 mL/L,比不投加微量金属的处理分别高16.98％、28.12％、27.84％和48.63％.Co、Fe和Ni的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS和COD去除率及累积产气量均有显著影响,其中Co的影响达到极显著水平;Co、Fe和Ni对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效率影响的主次顺序及显著性从大到小均为Co、Ni、Fe.     

泛长三角地区工业污染重心演变路径及其驱动机制研究

工业污染重心路径演变是制造业转移过程中形成的环境空间响应形式,为探明经济发达的泛长三角地区工业污染重心对制造业转移的响应关系,采用2000~2010年工业污染排放数据,运用重心模型,测算各年份工业废水、废气和固废排放重心坐标,分析工业污染重心转移路径及演变规律,探讨重心演变的驱动机制.结果表明:1泛长三角地区的工业污染重心发生了偏移,其中工业固废偏移距离最大,为180.18 km,而工业废水、废气偏移的方向最大,分别为0.40°、0.17°;2工业污染重心轨迹偏移受多种因素的驱动影响.其中,安徽、江西地区重工业的高速发展加剧了污染重心朝西部偏移;以江苏、上海、浙江为代表的长三角地区产业结构优化与调整在一定程度上缓解了该地区的工业污染,安徽、江西地区高污染产业份额的增加及宽松的宏观区域政策助推了工业污染向西部地区偏移;而大规模的清洁化生产、较强的环境治理力度和完善的环保监测制度在一定程度上减缓了工业污染朝东部地区偏移.