氢化物发生／火焰原子吸收光谱法测定固体废物浸出液中的锑和铋

本文采用１∶１０的固液比以ｐＨ５．０±０．２的ＨＡｃ—ＮａＡｃ为没提剂制备锑渣和铋渣浸出液，处理后浸出液中的锑和铋采用氢化物发生／火焰原子吸收光谱法进行测定。对铋渣中锑测定结果偏低的原因做了简要探讨。     

实验室“三废”的处理方法

论述了含汞等７类实验室常见废弃物的处理方法，介绍了６种有机溶剂的３种贵重金属的回收与提纯，以防止污染事故的发生。     

安徽省工业固体废物管理现状、问题与对策

本文根据历年统计资料对安徽省固体废物管理现状进行了分析，认为该省固体废物管理具有如下特点：(1)工业固体废物产生量总体上存在着上升趋势，并将随着经济发展继续增加；(2)固废综合利用率逐步提高；(3)虽然近年来工业固体废物排放量大幅下降，但污染隐患依然存在。本文还探讨了当前该省工业固废管理存在的问题，提出了加强工业固废管理的对策建议。     

Survey on the status of imported wastes used as raw material in China

 A survey was conducted on the status of imported waste steel–iron scrap and paper–cardboard, and their environmental impacts were analyzed based on the survey results. It was concluded that the importation of wastes will continue, and that it can be helpful to meet the steel–iron and paper-market demands. Some suggestions are offered to address these issues. Received: May 1, 2001 / Accepted: October 1, 2001     

悬浮结晶法冷冻处理喹乙醇生产废液

采用悬浮结晶法处理喹乙醇生产废液,考察了成冰率(冰晶融化后的体积占原水总体积的百分比)对废液COD、氨氮、TN和电导率去除效果的影响。在一级冷冻成冰率45%的条件下,经过三级冷冻处理后,三级出水的COD、氨氮、TN和电导率的去除率分别为99.4%、98.7%、98.5%和98.2%,一级浓缩液的COD、氨氮和TN的浓缩比分别为1.6、1.5和1.5;在一级冷冻成冰率80%的条件下,每一级出水的各项指标的去除率均有所下降,三级出水的COD、氨氮、TN和电导率的去除率分别为98.6%、98.3%、97.1%和95.9%,但一级浓缩液的浓缩比明显提高,COD、氨氮和TN的浓缩比分别为2.7、2.2和2.4。成冰率为80%时一级浓缩液的热值为7 449 J/g,在焚烧过程中可以依靠自身热量维持燃烧,不需要添加辅助燃料,减少焚烧处理的成本。     

固体废物样品全溶解方法的比较研究

采用容器敞口酸消解、高压釜密闭酸消解及微波辅助酸消解3种溶样技术,对电镀污泥、尾矿渣、铬渣、砷钙渣、铅锌渣以及粉煤灰等固体废物试样的全溶解效果进行了对比试验,结果表明:敞口酸消解方法难以达到全溶解,繁琐耗时,易产生二次污染;高压釜密闭酸消解法溶解效果较好,但耗时和不安全;微波辅助酸消解法溶解效果最好,还具有快速方便,较少二次污染等特点。      

电解法处理废料贵铅的电极极化研究

以含金银铅废料制成贵铅为原料,利用电化学热力学和动力学理论,对贵铅电解法实现金银与铅的分离和得到纯铅的电极过程极化行为与工艺条件的关系进行了研究。从而确定了贵铅电解时的电解液组成为［ｐｂ２＋］７０ｇ／Ｌ,温度为４０℃,β－萘酚／胶联合添加剂等工艺条件．同时根据动力学的研究证明了贵铅电解的电极反应速度受扩散控制,其扩散速度常数Ｋ扩＝１．９１７×１０－３ｃｍ／ｓ。扩散层厚度为０．００５１ｃｍ,在ηｋ＝７５ｍＶ时的阴极过程活化能为１６．１０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,为贵铅电解工业分离回收金银铅提供了可靠的理论依据和设计参数。     

聚酯(PET)废塑料分离回收方法研究

日常用的饮料瓶是聚酯和高密度聚乙烯为原是制成的,因而聚酯废塑料瓶是数量较多和回收价值高的一种塑料,本研究首先对聚酯废料瓶进行破碎,然后采用气流分选,清洗净化和水浮选组合工艺进行ＰＥＴ和ＨＤＰＥ及塑纸的分离回收。ＰＥＴ和ＨＤＰＥ的回收率分别为９７％和９５％,同时通过清洗净化可使回收的ＰＥＴ纯度达９６％以上,该ＰＥＴ是一种用途广的优良塑料原料。     

The use of tailor-made acidic deep eutectic solvents for preparation of quercetin-enriched extracts from onion solid wastes

The current examination dealt with the development of a methodology to produce quercetin, a multifunctional bio-flavonoid, by designing task-specific, highly acidic deep eutectic solvents, based on glycerol and natural organic acids. The purpose was to achieve a simultaneous hydrolysis of spiraeoside, the major quercetin glycoconjugate occurring in onion solid wastes, and quercetin extraction. After an initial performance screening, the combination of glycerol/oxalic acid was identified as the highest-performing system, and further investigation showed that the most efficacious molar ratio was glycerol/oxalic acid 3:1. Further study of hydrolysis/extractions conditions suggested 30 min, at 130°C, to be the best operating conditions, giving the highest yield of 19.65 mg quercetin per grams of dry mass. The extract obtained under these conditions displayed significantly enhanced antiradical activity, compared to control extracts prepared with water or aqueous ethanol. On the other hand, results on the ferric-reducing power were rather contradictory. It is proposed that such a methodology may be implemented to valorize onion solid wastes, for the production of extracts significantly enriched in quercetin, with increased antiradical properties.     

我国生活垃圾的处理现状及发展趋势

生活垃圾是人类面临的一个普遍性问题,关系着人口、资源、环境是否能协调发展.介绍了城市生活垃圾的处理现状和存在问题,从各角度分析了各种方法的优缺点,介绍每种方法的最新进展.最后指出应根据本地区不同的地理环境、垃圾成分及经济发展水平采用不同的垃圾处理模式.