Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a fixed-bed reactor: Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char

Several animal (lamb, poultry and swine) fatty wastes were pyrolyzed under nitrogen, in a laboratory scale fixed-bed reactor and the main products (liquid bio-oil, solid bio-char and syngas) were obtained. The purpose of this study is to produce and characterize bio-oil and bio-char obtained from pyrolysis of animal fatty wastes. The maximum production of bio-oil was achieved at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C and a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The chemical (GC–MS analyses) and spectroscopic analyses (FTIR analyses) of bio-oil showed that it is a complex mixture consisting of different classes of organic compounds, i.e., hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, cyclic compounds…etc.), carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters,…etc. According to fuel properties, produced bio-oils showed good properties, suitable for its use as an engine fuel or as a potential source for synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock. Obtained bio-chars had low carbon content and high ash content which make them unattractive for as renewable source energy.     

Comparative analysis of anaerobically digested wastes flow properties

The flow curve of anaerobically digested wastes from different origins was determined through rheological measurements. Regardless of their origin, samples can be divided into two families: simple non-Newtonian liquids well modelled by basic power law below 10%DC and viscoelastic liquids with a yield stress, well modelled by a Herschel–Bulkley model above. In all the cases, the rheological behaviour is driven by both the organic content and the volatile fraction (organic content/solid content), indicating that anaerobic digestion tends to smooth the rheological characteristics of organic wastes, whichever their origins.     

四川省“三废”排放为代表的环境状况分析

对“三废”排放情况为代表的环境状况和变化趋势进行研究和阐述。简要地介绍了评价指标体系的选择原则,并利用2003-2010年四川省“三废”排放统计数据,建立了废水、废气和固废为要素的环境状况评价体系,绘制了环境状况变化趋势图。总体来看,以“三废”为代表的环境状况呈现变好的趋势。     

乡镇垃圾综合利用途径分析研究

社会主义新农村建设推动了乡镇经济的发展,但乡镇的环境问题并没有随之解决,而固体废弃物的综合利用成为解决当前乡镇环境问题的有效手段之一。乡镇垃圾现状分析表明,其组分以有机易腐成分为主．不适用于城市垃圾的处理方式。乡镇垃圾经合理分类,其综合利用的主要途径有三条,包括可回收垃圾一回收一循环再利用,有机垃圾制肥-肥料-回田,餐厨垃圾、人畜粪便、秸秆等有机垃圾厌氧发酵-沼气-热能或电能。该途径可最终实现乡镇垃圾的资源化和能源化。     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定固体废物中的钡

采用微波消解法对固体废物浸出液样品进行前处理,采用乙炔-空气火焰原子吸收法测定钡的含量,检出限为2．04mg／L,加标回收率为94．5％,精密度为4．85％-6．81％。     

某基岩区工业固体废物填埋场地递进式场地环境调查实例

针对某基岩区简易封场后的固体废物填埋场,采用多层次、递进式调查策略,配合使用地球物理探测、直压式土壤快速取样、现场快速检测等技术,分3个阶段开展填埋场及其周边环境调查。第1阶段,调查地质环境特征,开展地球物理探测;第2阶段,调查填埋物、渗滤液主要组分及对周边积水、农田土壤、民用井水的污染情况;第3阶段,划定重点污染区域,开展土壤和地下水污染调查。调查结果显示,填埋区已发生明显渗漏,对邻近区域土壤、地下水及地表积水造成了一定污染,但未对周边农用地土壤、民用井水质等产生不利影响,总体处于可控范围。提出,通过削减污染源,切断污染物迁移、暴露途径,消除已有污染影响,长期跟踪监测等多项管控治理措施进行综合整治。     

Fruit Stones from Industrial Waste for the Removal of Lead Ions from Polluted Water

Lead, one of the earliest metals recognized and used by humans, has a long history of beneficial use. However, it is now recognized as toxic and as posing a widespread threat to humans and wildlife. Treatment of lead from polluted water and wastewater has received a great deal of attention. Adsorption is one of the most common technologies for the treatment of lead-polluted water. This technique was evaluated here, with the goal of identifying innovative, low-cost adsorbent. This study presents experiments undertaken to determine the suitable conditions for the use of peach and apricot stones, produced from food industries as solid waste, as adsorbents for the removal of lead from aqueous solution. Chemical stability of adsorbents, effect of pH, adsorbents dose, adsorption time and equilibrium concentration were studied. The results reveal that adsorption of lead ions onto peach stone was stronger than onto apricot stone up to 3.36% at 3 h adsorption time. Suitable equilibrium time for the adsorption was 3–5 h (% Pb adsorption 93% for apricot and 97.64% for peach). The effective adsorption range for pH in the range was 7–8. Application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models show high adsorption maximum and binding energies for using these adsorbents for the removal of lead ions from contaminated water and wastewater.     

我国危险废物特性鉴别技术体系研究

详细深入地调查分析了国外危险废物鉴别技术体系的特点和适用条件,以及我国危险废物管理的特点.在借鉴国内外经验与教训的基础上,提出了我国危险废物特性鉴别的技术路线及危险废物鉴别的环境保护目标,建立了危险废物鉴别技术的方法学.在充分研究的基础上,编制完成了全新的<国家危险废物名录>和<危险废物鉴别标准>,以及相应的规范和方法标准.这些技术文件形成了我国独特、完整的危险废物鉴别技术体系,为全面开展危险废物无害化管理提供了有力的技术支持.      

POPs废物处置技术多目标决策筛选研究

采用层次分析法对国际上较为成熟的9种POPs废物处置技术进行综合评价,筛选出适合我国的POPs废物处置技术. 从经济指标、环境指标和技术指标3个影响因素建立递阶层次结构模型,每个指标又细分为若干个子准则. 根据模型及评价指标体系设计专家咨询表,发放给POPs相关领域的专家打分. 采用matlab对评价结果进行数值分析,得到9种处置技术的总权重,其中分值最高的处置技术有:水泥窑共处置0.174 8,高温焚烧0.172 7;其次是安全填埋0.107 1,热解吸0.107 0,原位玻璃化0.103 0;最后是深井灌注0.086 9,超临界水氧化0.084 1,碱催化脱氯0.082 3,碱金属还原0.082 3.表明高温焚烧和水泥窑共处置是目前我国POPs废物处置技术的较佳之选.      

有机固体废弃物的热解处理研究

通过对锯末、稻壳、纸屑、橱芥、塑料和橡胶6种具有代表性的有机固体废弃物原料的热解实验,测量了它们三相产物收率,并分析了它们固体、液体和气体三相产物的组成.特别对液体产物,针对它们的特殊性分别采用了层析、模拟蒸馏和全烃气相色谱分析,详细探讨了热解焦油的具体组分,得到了热解法处理有机固体废弃物的一些有意义的数据.