三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法评估堆肥腐熟度

评估堆肥腐熟度是确保堆肥产品质量的重要保证. 采用三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法快速评估菜粕和稻糠堆肥过程中的腐熟度. 结果表明:菜粕和稻糠堆肥可在16 d内完成一次发酵,其中第7～14天为高温期(>50 ℃,共8 d);随后,堆体进入降温期,第16天降至32 ℃. 堆肥初期(第0～6天)DOC(溶解性有机碳)、DON(溶解性有机氮)质量浓度和EC(电导率)先稳定在一个较低的水平;在堆肥高温期(第7～14天),ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC则分别迅速升至10.47 mg/L、7.52 mg/L和5.76 mS/cm. 堆肥腐熟度相关指标〔即ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC〕与FRI(荧光区域指数)方法中P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n指标的变化趋势一致,并且具有极显著相关性(R>0.942,P<0.01);而与P_Ⅰ,n变化趋势相反,也具有显著的相关性(R<-0.871,P<0.05). 因此,P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与P_Ⅰ,n可以用于表征堆肥腐熟度.      

耐性细菌的分离鉴定及重金属污染修复初步研究

清远市是中国最大的电子废弃物拆解基地之一,小作坊生产模式已经进行了20多年,大量无法回收的电子废料和处理残渣等被倾倒在田地、沟渠和山谷中,致使周边土壤长期受到重金属Cd、Cu、Pb污染。近年来国内外对拆解区周边的土壤重金属污染现状分析、健康风险评价等相关报道较多,但针对电子废弃物复合重金属污染生物修复技术的研究却并不多见。通过富集、驯化、分离,从清远市电子废弃物拆解区污染土壤中得到4种耐性菌株,经菌落形态、扫描电镜分析以及16S rDNA技术鉴定得出,菌株HS-01、JH-02、YB-03、JY-04分别为海水芽孢八叠球菌（Sporosarcina aquimarina）、佐吕间湖生芽孢八叠球菌（Sporosarcina saromensis）、巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus）。由生长特性实验得到,细菌HS-01与JY-04生长周期相同,在0～8 h为调整期,8～12 h为对数期,12～24 h为稳定期,24～32 h为衰亡期。而细菌JH-02与YB-03生长周期相同,在0～4 h为调整期,4～12 h为对数期,12～24 h为稳定期,24～32 h为衰亡期。细菌HS-01、JH-02、JY-04的最适温度与pH分别为30℃和8,而YB-03则为35℃与7.5。生物吸附实验结果显示,随着重金属离子质量浓度的升高,4种耐受细菌对重金属离子的吸附量也逐渐升高,但吸附量增长率以及吸附率却逐渐降低,这4种细菌对Cd2＋、Cu2＋、Pb2＋最大吸附量分别达到了2.25、2.05、2.28、2.25 mg,8.19、4.95、8.53、11.78 mg和10.84、10.59、7.66、9.02 mg。最大吸附率则分别达到了94.4、99.2、100、93.3%,86.1、90.8、88.6、87.3%和88.9、82.2、81.2、86.7%。其中细菌HS-01、YB-03、JY-04吸附Cd2＋能力较强,而细菌JY-04对Cu2＋以及HS-01、JH-02对Pb2＋吸附能力最强。上述结果显示了4种耐性细菌均具有较好的修复复合重金属污染水体的应用潜力,但对     

中日水泥企业协同处置废弃物的比较研究

水泥企业协同处置废弃物成为目前构建资源节约型与生态友好型城市十分有效的途径。针对这一新型的生产技术,通过介绍并对比分析中日水泥企业协同处置废弃物现状发现,我国废弃物产量大,但协同处置的方法发展缓慢,在协同处置废弃物种类、替代燃料水平、水泥窑固废利用水平、法律法规、政府管理、企业意识等方面与日本有很大的差距,针对我国的实际情况提出促进技术发展、加大科研力度、完善管理体系等合理的建议。     

Revisiting the elemental composition and the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

In this work, the elemental content (C, N, H, S, O), the organic matter content and the calorific value of various organic components that are commonly found in the municipal solid waste stream were measured. The objective of this work was to develop an empirical equation to describe the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its elemental composition. The MSW components were grouped into paper wastes, food wastes, yard wastes and plastics. Sample sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 kg. In addition to the above individual components, commingled municipal solid wastes were sampled from a bio-drying facility located in Crete (sample sizes ranged from 8 to 15 kg) and were analyzed for the same parameters. Based on the results of this work, an improved empirical model was developed that revealed that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen were the only statistically significant predictors of calorific value. Total organic carbon was statistically similar to total carbon for most materials in this work. The carbon to organic matter ratio of 26 municipal solid waste substrates and of 18 organic composts varied from 0.40 to 0.99. An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of commingled municipal solid wastes was C₃₂NH₅₅O₁₆.     

The Role of Floodplain Soils as a Barrier to Radionuclide Migration: An Example of the Techa–Iset' River System

The contents of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs and the pattern of their redistribution in the soil and plant cover of floodplain ecosystems have been assessed. It is shown that the radionuclide distribution across the floodplain and along the river flow is determined by the formation of a barrier to their migration near the river channel, at which less mobile ¹³⁷Cs accumulates. The soil and plant cover of the central floodplain are enriched with ⁹⁰Sr. Differences in radionuclide migration in floodplain soils and their input into plants are determined by the relationship between the processes of their immobilization and migration with soil water.     

ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE NEW YORK REGION1

ABSTRACT: Non-technological factors related to the behavior and characteristics of organizations involved in pollution control are explored here as to their importance as determinants or indicators of the level of pollution control effectiveness. Methods of evaluating the existing level of effectiveness are developed and tested using the response of a selected set of industrial establishments to state water pollution abatement action in the New York Region from 1966 to 1971. The compliance of 209 manufacturing establishments to state abatement orders in the New York Region is evaluated with respect to selected organizational and industrial characteristics and characteristics of the firms'socioeconomic environment. The influence of state policies arid programs is also discussed. It was found that the degree of compliance to state abatement action by industry in the Region is positively related to organization size, the extent of waste generation, the wealth and size of the town in which the firm is located, and the availability of waste treatment facilities in the town. The age of the firm was not related to compliance. The structure of state abatement scheduling also influences the degree of compliance. The methods of analysis used here provide a basis for a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of pollution control as an alternative to the case by case approach that is currently being used.     

农业利用有机废弃物的生态工程

本文运用生态工程将农业利用有机废弃的主要用途划分为作饲料，肥料，能源，培养料和多层次循环利用５种方式，论述了中国农业利用有机废弃物的历史，现状与水平，对农业利用作秸秆，畜禽粪便，沼气发酵余物和机的主要秣工程技术。     

Air quality assessment for land disposal of industrial wastes

Air pollution from hazardous waste landfills and lagoons is largely unknown. Routine monitoring of toxic air contaminants associated with hazardous waste facilities is difficult and very costly. The method presented in this paper would be useful for air quality assessment in the absence of monitoring data. It may be used as a screening process to examine the question of whether or not volatilization is considered to be significant for a given contaminant and also to evaluate permit applications for new hazardous waste facilities concerning waste volatilization problems.     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅰ) 核废液的沥青固化处理条件对固化产物中盐粒子的微观构造的影响

设计了一套核废液的沥青固化处理模拟试验装置,对不同固化处理条件下生产的沥青固化物内的混合盐粒子的微观构造、粒径分布等进行了详细探讨.结果表明,固化处理条件的改变对固化产物中的盐粒子的大小及其粒径分布虽无明显的影响,但对其微观构造及比表面积的影响却十分明显.当核废液中含有磷酸盐并且核废液的送料速度较低时,生产的沥青固化物中的混合盐粒子的约70%是由长3-6微米,直径约1微米的针状结晶以架桥形式构成.这样的氧化剂颗粒具有很大的比表面积.     

Catalytic upgrading of higher 1-alkenes from polyethylene thermal cracking by modified Wacker oxidation

The economic success of feedstock recycling procedures for plastic wastes is increasingly demanding the conversion of the starting residue into more valuable chemicals. Thermal cracking of polyethylenes leads to the preparation of equimolar mixtures of n-paraffins and 1-alkenes within the C₂–C₁₀₀ range. These 1-olefins can be catalytically upgraded by selective oxidation processes to more valuable products (e.g., ketones and fatty acids) with different uses such as polar waxes, cetane improvers, varnishes, and printer inks. The results obtained on oxidation in a modified Wacker system of a model 1-olefin (1-dodecene) as well as of a distillate cut (C₁₀–C₂₅) of the product from the thermal cracking of urban polyethylene waste are described.