德国电子废弃物循环利用体系的调查与思考

德国主要电子废弃物冰箱、显像管和灯管的循环利用技术和体系以及现行的法律法规，对我国电子废弃物的循环利用具有借鉴意义，因而应尽快建立生活垃圾和电子废弃物分类收集体系，充分利用可回收资源。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程烟气中重金属的迁移分布规律

采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧(MSWI)发电厂飞灰,开展了高温熔融及铁浴熔融重金属分布迁移规律实验研究.采用布袋式除尘法收集捕捉熔融过程烟气中的烟尘,并对烟尘中的重金属组分、含量、形态和结构进行测试分析,研究了高温熔融分离过程各金属元素在烟气中的迁移分布规律.结果表明,迁移到烟气中的主要元素为Zn、Pb、Cl、K、Na,并以ZnS、ZnO、PbCl2、KCl、NaCl形态存在于熔融飞灰上;Rb、Cd、Sn、Sb等低沸点易挥发金属元素在熔融烟气中以硅酸盐、磷酸盐形态存在;Hg主要以氯氧化物、硫氯化物形态存在.铁浴熔融可有效抑制Ti、Mn、Fe、Se的挥发,提高Cd、Sn、Sb的挥发速率,有利于提高Rb在熔融飞灰上的分配率,但对Zn、Rb、Pb的挥发没有影响.     

煤系固体废物与污泥混合用于矿区复垦的试验研究

矿区复垦作为生态恢复的重要手段,在国内外应用中有很多种方法,在此分析了粉煤灰、煤矸石及污泥各自的特点、应用特征,指出单一废物用于复垦存在的缺陷;通过对3种废弃物及其按不同质量比混合后各土样的pH值、电导率、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）等理化指标的测定分析,研究了粉煤灰、煤矸石等煤系固体废物与污水处理厂排放污泥混合用于矿区复垦的可行性。结果表明：不同比例基质pH值、电导率、各配比样的营养标准均可满足植物生长的需要。说明该方法用于矿区生态修复的优势所在。     

木薯加工废弃物堆肥化中氰化物的降解及腐熟度的研究

为了探讨木薯加工废弃物堆肥化中氰化物的降解速度和快速处理效果,将木薯皮、木薯渣与猪粪混合制作堆肥,通过发酵过程中温度、pH、氰化物、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素及碳氮比等的测定,评价了堆肥化过程对氰化物无害化处理的效果及堆肥的腐熟进程.结果表明,氰化物含量迅速降低,30 d后达到2.08 mg/kg,分解率达到94.16％,符合食品安全标准.堆制材料中淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素等主要含碳成分及氰化物在15 d内分解,分解率达80％以上,基本趋于稳定.经过30 d的堆肥化过程,堆体温度也回落至常温,趋于稳定,pH一直稳定在7.2.堆体中碳氮比（C/N）、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)等腐熟度判定指标数据也表明,木薯加工废弃物经过15 d的堆肥化过程,堆体内各种理化性质稳定,在发酵结束时,C/N为17.55,硝态氮和铵态氮的含量分别达到了2.5 g/kg和10 mg/kg,NO^-₃-N/NH⁺₄-N的比值为250,全部达到腐熟标准.证明木薯加工废弃物经30d堆肥化处理可达到稳定安全状态.     

Co-inhibition of methanogens for methane mitigation in biodegradable wastes

The inhibition effects and mechanisms of chlorinated methane and acetylene on methanogenesis in the anaerobic digestion process of the biodegradable wastes were investigated.It was found that both chloroform and acetylene could effectively inhibit methanogens while the biodegradability of the wastes was not affected.Acetylene inhibited the activity of methanogens,while chloroform inhibited metabolic process of methanogenesis.A central composite design (CCD) and response surface regression analysis (RSREG) were employed to determine the optimum conditions and interaction effects of chloroform and acetylene in terms of inhibition efficiency,production of volatile fatty acids and molar ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid.Chloroform had significant effect on enhancing the production of VFA (F = 121.3;p<0.01),and acetylene promoted the inhibition efficiency (F = 99.15;p<0.05) more effectively than chloroform (F = 9.72;p>0.05).In addition,a maximum molar ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid of 1.208 was estimated under the optimum conditions of chloroform concentration of 9.05 mg/kg and acetylene concentration of 3.6×10-3 (V/V).Hence,methanogens in the wastes can be inhibited while the stabilization process of the biodegradable wastes can still work well,as propionic acid generated during the inhibition process could hardly be utilized by methanogens.     

基于灰色理论与BP神经网络预测成都市生活垃圾产生量

根据成都市中心城区垃圾产生量的历年数据,先用以时间为单变量的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型得到历年数据的拟合值,再分析垃圾产生量与其影响因素之间的灰色关联度,选出关联度最大的4个因素建立多变量的灰色GM(1,5)预测模型与BP神经网络模型,并对垃圾产生量的预测精确度进行了对比,用预测精度最高的BP神经网络模型对未来年份的垃圾产生量进行了预测,为成都市垃圾处理处置规划提供了理论依据。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定固体废物中挥发性卤代烃的研究

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法同时测定固体废物中35种挥发性卤代烃的方法,系统地研究了吹扫捕集条件包括吹扫时间、吹扫温度、吹扫流速、脱附温度和时间对测定结果的影响,优化了色谱分离条件.结果表明,各挥发性卤代烃可以实现良好的分离;标准曲线相关系数均大于0.990,检出限为0.1μg/kg ～0.4 μg/kg,不同浓度的相对标准偏差分别为7.1％ ～ 17％,2.4％ ～ 15％和4.2％～11％,样品加标回收率为72.1％～118％.该方法缩短了分析周期,实现了一次进样多组分同时分析,灵敏度高,具有良好的精密度和准确度,适用于固体废物中挥发性卤代烃的测定.     

Bypassing the flush,creating new resources: analysing alternative sanitation futures in London

The flush toilet is an illogical form of sanitation from the point of view of water conservation, nutrient recovery and water pollution. Places such as London, with one of the oldest flushing toilet and sewer systems in the world, bears witness to the limits of its universal applicability through dwindling freshwater resources and polluted waterways. It is therefore important to develop new forms of sanitation infrastructure. An actor–network theory coevolution framework is used to explore and gain insights into the coevolution pathways for new types and paradigms of sanitation in London, where waterborne sanitation is currently prevalent. This approach shows that while flushing toilets are currently stable network configurations, there are coevolution pathways that would shift the system towards dry sanitation. The quantity of freshwater resources available for toilet flushing was the main actant cited for the development of these coevolution pathways.     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

工业固体废弃物中污染物质重金属淋溶释放模式研究

在工业固体废弃物动态柱状淋溶实验的基础上,建立了固体废物的比表面积、固体废弃物的透水率和填埋表层透水率与重金属淋溶的关系,提出了重金属淋溶释放的数学模型的模型分析处理的数学方法,为工业固体废弃物中重金属的释放、预测、评价、控制和管理提供了依据。