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91.
通过介绍废旧锂离子电池的组成成分及近年来废旧锂离子电池资源化处理技术的研究进展,提出目前主要回收方法有溶解分离法和直接回收正极材料的新型方法等,并对现有研究中存在的二次污染、安全性问题进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
92.
Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gent Malcolm Richard Menendez MarioToraño Javier Torno Susana 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(4):472-482
Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material. 相似文献
93.
Formulation of criteria for pollution control on cement products produced from solid wastes in China
The process of producing cement products from solid waste can increase the level of pollutants in the cement products. Therefore, it is very important to establish a pollution control standard for cement products to protect the environment and human health. This paper presents acceptance limits for the availability of heavy metals in cement products which have been produced from solid wastes and explains how the limits have been calculated. The approach and method used to formulate these criteria were based on EN 12920. The typical exposure scenarios used in this paper involve concrete being used for drinking water supply pipelines and concrete pavements and are based on an analysis of typical applications of cement in China, and the potential for contact with water. The parameters of a tank test which was based on NEN 7375 were set in accordance with the environmental conditions of typical scenarios in China. Mechanisms controlling the release of heavy metals in concrete and a model for that release were obtained using the leaching test. Finally, based on acceptance criteria for drinking water and groundwater quality in China, limit values for the availability of heavy metals in concrete were calculated. 相似文献
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95.
The use of organic municipal wastes as soil amendments is an increasing practice that can divert significant amounts of waste from landfill, and provides a potential source of nutrients and organic matter to ameliorate degraded soils. Due to the high heterogeneity of organic municipal waste streams, it is difficult to rapidly and cost-effectively establish their suitability as soil amendments using a single method. Thermal analysis has been proposed as an evolving technique to assess the stability and composition of the organic matter present in these wastes. In this study, three different organic municipal waste streams (i.e., a municipal waste compost (MC), a composted sewage sludge (CS) and a thermally dried sewage sludge (TS)) were characterized using conventional and thermal methods. The conventional methods used to test organic matter stability included laboratory incubation with measurement of respired C, and spectroscopic methods to characterize chemical composition. Carbon mineralization was measured during a 90-day incubation, and samples before and after incubation were analyzed by chemical (elemental analysis) and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. Results were compared with those obtained by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Total amounts of CO2 respired indicated that the organic matter in the TS was the least stable, while that in the CS was the most stable. This was confirmed by changes detected with the spectroscopic methods in the composition of the organic wastes due to C mineralization. Differences were especially pronounced for TS, which showed a remarkable loss of aliphatic and proteinaceous compounds during the incubation process. TG, and especially DSC analysis, clearly reflected these differences between the three organic wastes before and after the incubation. Furthermore, the calculated energy density, which represents the energy available per unit of organic matter, showed a strong correlation with cumulative respiration. Results obtained support the hypothesis of a potential link between the thermal and biological stability of the studied organic materials, and consequently the ability of thermal analysis to characterize the maturity of municipal organic wastes and composts. 相似文献
96.
This paper discusses a method by which individuals working in government, private business, not-for-profit and educational organizations developed a collaborative statewide program involving the exchange of materials from manufacturers, commercial business and not-for-profit organizations in Ohio. 相似文献
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99.
pH和发酵时间对厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸及光学特性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过间歇实验探讨了在中温、非灭菌条件下,pH和发酵时间对厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸及其光学特性的影响.结果表明,采用非灭菌的厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸,发酵液中还原糖浓度低,pH调节到近中性和偏碱性(pH为6~8)的各组还原糖浓度高于偏酸性组(pH=5和pH=4的对照组);在控制pH为7时,总乳酸产生速率达到0.59 g·(L·h)-1,单位挥发性固体的乳酸产量达到0.62 g·g-1;控制pH为7和8时,以有机碳表示的乳酸分别占发酵液总有机碳的78%和89%;控制pH为8时,L-乳酸是主要的异构体形式,单位挥发性固体L-乳酸产量达到0.48 g·g-1;响应面分析结果表明,发酵时间在120 h前,随着pH升高和发酵时间的延长,发酵液中L-乳酸浓度增大,120 h后则下降;pH和发酵时间对L-乳酸占总乳酸的比例有明显影响:偏酸性条件(未调pH及pH=5),发酵前120 h,该比例随发酵时间逐渐增大,L-乳酸在总乳酸中的比例达到0.9,其后,则逐渐下降;偏碱性条件下(pH=8),L-乳酸在总乳酸中的比例在整个发酵时间段内都保持在0.86以上,在发酵时间48 h时达到0.93,而在pH中性条件下,该比例在发酵后期显著下降;控制pH为8时,可以同时获得高的乳酸产量和光学纯度. 相似文献
100.
为了解决农业固体废弃物棉花秸秆还田后的快速降解问题,本研究以棉花秸秆在白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉复配下的微生物降解为研究内容,通过对白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉拮抗试验、白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉复配对棉花秸秆降解的最优条件组合筛选试验、白腐真菌与噬热性侧孢霉复配在田间降解秸秆的系列研究进行分析,结果表明:(1)白腐真菌和噬热性侧孢霉两种菌株共存时不相互抑制菌丝生长,菌株之间不发生拮抗反应,可以对两种菌株进行复配形成棉花秸秆降解菌群;(2)根据L9(34)正交试验结果,综合考虑温度、氮添加量、菌种类型和料水比这四种因素对棉花秸秆中木质素、纤维素和酸性洗涤纤维的降解效果,室内降解棉花秸秆在最优组合条件温度45℃、氮添加量3%、料水比1/2,复合菌群下的效果最好;(3)田间降解试验进一步验证了室内降解实验结果的可靠性,在冬季低温和降雪等情况下,为期50 d的田间试验中复配菌组对棉花秸秆降解率达到29.93%。后续实验需要在考虑实际土壤磷素含量情况下,确定适合于棉花秸秆降解的磷素补充量来促进棉花秸秆在田间快速降解。本研究对农业固体废弃物棉花秸秆在田间的快速降解提供了一种有效的方法,具有很好的实践意义。 相似文献