碱性缺氧环境下地下水中苯和甲苯的生物降解

在缺氧环境下,不额外加入电子受体和营养盐,从长期受原油污染的包气带介质中分离、培养驯化得到了降解苯或甲苯的3种优势菌群:B-bacteria、T-bacteria和M-bacteria,采用批试验方法研究了高pH环境下3种菌群降解苯和甲苯的速率。结果表明:苯和甲苯的降解符合零级反应动力学,速率常数在0.22～0.68 mg/(L.d)。初始pH从8.7升高到9.6和10.6时,B-bacteria降解苯的速率降低都在10%以内;T-bacteria降解甲苯的速率降低率从pH9.6时的16.22%剧增到pH10.6时的41.23%;而M-bacteria降解苯和甲苯的速率降低从pH9.6时的30%左右增到pH10.6时的45%左右。高pH环境下微生物仍能完全降解苯和甲苯。故设计化学-生物连续反应格栅治理该类污染羽时,在两个单元中间可不构筑pH调节缓冲单元。     

纳米Bi_2O_3-Ni_2O_3的制备及光催化性能研究

采用微乳法制备了镍、铋复合氧化物纳米粒子,以XRD、TG-DTA、XPS及紫外-可见光谱仪对合成材料进行了表征,并以甲苯为目标污染物对其气-固复相光催化性能进行了研究。结果表明:Ni和Bi都显+3价,XRD曲线上分别出现Ni2O3和Bi2O3的特征衍射峰,制备样品是Ni2O3与Bi2O3复合氧化物,对于单一Bi2O3,制备的复合氧化物由于Ni2O3具有较强的电子富集能力,能够快速地传递光照射产生的电子,导致光生电子与空穴分离效率大大提高,促进了氧化反应,显示出了较好的光催化活性。     

甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的毒性效应

以中华新米虾(Neocaridina denticulata sinensis)为受试生物,采用半静态生物测定方法,研究了TEX污染物对中华新米虾的单一急性毒性和联合毒性效应.在单一毒性试验中,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的96h LC50分别为13.8,10.4,11.3mg/L,毒性大小顺序为乙苯>二甲苯>甲苯.基于等毒性溶液法(ETS)分析了TEX二元混合物的联合毒性,结果表明,甲苯-乙苯、乙苯-二甲苯与甲苯-二甲苯按不同毒性单位比(4:1,3:2,2:3,1:4)组成的二元混合物对中华新米虾的联合毒性作用均表现为相加作用.基于毒性单位法(TU)和混合毒性指数法(MTI)研究了甲苯-乙苯-二甲苯按浓度比1:1:1和毒性单位比1:1:1所组成的三元混合物对中华新米虾的联合毒性,96h LC50分别为11.6,10.7mg/L,毒性大小与3种苯系物单独作用相当.当暴露时间为48h时,联合毒性表现为部分相加作用,而暴露时间为96h时,联合毒性作用为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,甲苯-乙苯-二甲苯组成的三元混合物的联合毒性从部分相加作用转变为协同作用,但是协同作用均不明显,非常接近于相加作用.因此,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的联合毒性作用主要表现为相加作用.     

Physiological changes associated with aging result in lower internal doses of toluene and perchloroethylene in simulations using pharmacokinetic modeling

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were developed in order to translate external concentrations into internal dose estimates, but most PBPK models were developed for younger adults. A set of physiological parameters for ages 65, 75, and 85 of both genders were developed and were used with previously established human PBPK models of exposure to toluene and perchloroethylene (PERC) in order to investigate internal dose changes with increasing age. The predicted compartmental concentrations of toluene and PERC for aged adults were lower than predicted concentrations for younger adults, and this suggests that body composition changes with aging do not increase internal doses of inhaled toxicants alone after acute exposure. Hence, susceptibility to either toxicant was not expected to increase solely based on the physiological changes associated with aging. Predictions for a metabolite of PERC, however, were similar in magnitude across ages, which may lead to enhanced susceptibility if metabolic capacity changes with aging.     

Novel Biobased Polyurethanes Synthesized from Soybean Phosphate Ester Polyols: Thermomechanical Properties Evaluations

Biobased polyurethanes from soybean oil–derived polyols and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) are prepared and their thermomechanical properties are studied and evaluated. The cross-linked biobased polyurethanes being prepared from soy phosphate ester polyols with hydroxyl contents ranging from 122 to 145 mg KOH/g and pMDI within 5 min of reaction time at 150°C in absence of any catalyst show cross-linking densities ranging from 1.8 × 10³ to 3.0 × 10³ M/m³, whereas glass transition temperatures vary from approximately 69 to 82°C. The loss factor (tan ) curves show single peaks for all these biobased polyurethanes, thus indicating a single-phase system. The storage moduli (G) at 30°C range from 4 × 10⁸ to 1.3 × 10⁹ Pa. Upon postcure at 150°C, the thermomechanical properties can be optimized. Cross-link densities are improved significantly for hydroxyl content of 139 and 145 mg KOH/g at curing time of 24 h. Similarly, glass transition temperature (T_g) and storage moduli around and after T_g are increased. Meanwhile, tan intensities decrease as result of restricted chain mobility. Longer exposure time (24 h) induces thermal degradation, as evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dynamic mechanical (DMA) analysis shows that postcure at 100°C for times exceeding 24 h also leads to improved properties. However, cross-linking densities are lower compared to postcure carried out at 150°C.     

光催化降解气相甲苯反应特性的一种新预测模型

以TiO2(P25)为催化剂,研究了玻璃平板反应器在室内典型冬季工况紫外光催化降解甲苯的特性。甲苯的初试浓度为0～14mg/m3。实验发现,随着浓度的增大,甲苯的降解速率先增加,在达到一个最大值后急剧减小。一个考虑了催化剂钝化的动力学模型能很好的解释这种现象。文章提出了钝化区、最大反应速率、抑止浓度等概念,对光催化型净化器的设计与选用有非常重要的指导意义。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中甲苯的检测不确定度分析

目的评估采样和检测过程各操作步骤对测定结果的影响。方法先根据测定方法建立不确定度的数学模型,然后逐一对不确定度的分量进行计算。结果相对标准不确定度ur（Bs）=0．030、ur（A-A0）=0．016、ur（V0）=0．029、ur（VL）=0．010,合成相对标准不确定度urc（C）=0．046。结论本法的不确定度主要来源于采样流量、标准溶液的配制和色谱检测的峰面积。     

真菌滤塔启动及降解甲苯能力研究

生物法对于处理挥发性有机废气是一种经济和环境友好的处理工艺。研究在酸性条件下处理含甲苯气体,考察在不同进气浓度和入口负荷下真菌滤塔降解甲苯的能力。实验选用处理焦化废水的污泥作为真菌菌源,采用高浓度气态挂膜法,启动周期为12天,在pH=5的条件下运行2个月,以NO3--N为氮源能很好地去除高负荷甲苯气体,并且可以长期稳定高效运行。     

用生物滴滤塔净化有机废气研究

化工制药行业往往会产生有机废气,严重污染环境、危害人类健康.废气的生物净化技术具有适用性强、运行费用低、无二次污染等优点.在化工制药公司建立了净化以甲苯为主要成分的有机废气的生物滴滤塔(BTF),废气量约为5 000 m3/h,有机废气的总质量浓度为140 ～ 250 mg/m3,甲苯的质量浓度为120 ～220 mg/m3.BTF经过21 d完成启动.在启动之后的调试期间,进口的有机废气的总质量浓度为164 ～ 236 mg/m3,进口的甲苯的质量浓度为137 ～196 mg/m3,BTF对有机废气的去除率保持在90％左右,对甲苯的去除率保持在87％左右,废气达标排放.     

Si掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列制备、表征及其光催化氧化降解室内典型VOCs

以Na2SiF6/HF为电解液,采用阳极氧化法一步制备了Si掺杂的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化剂,通过SEM、XRD、DRS和EDX等表征手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征,并以甲苯为降解目标物,考察了Si掺杂的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化剂的活性以及各种反应参数对活性的影响.结果表明,TiO2纳米管阵列以锐钛矿和金红石2种晶形存在,Si高分散于TiO2纳米管的管壁上.Si的掺杂提高了TiO2对紫外光的吸收,其禁带宽度与TiO2相比发生了蓝移.Si掺杂的TiO2纳米管阵列具有较大比表面积.当以电解液中Na2SiF6浓度为0.03 mol·L-1,在400℃焙烧1 h制备的Si掺杂的TiO2纳米管阵列为光催化剂时,甲苯的降解率最高,降解率达到60%,与纯TiO2纳米管阵列相比,催化活性提了1倍.