环己酮生产废水厌氧生物处理实验及中试研究

采用经絮凝Fe/C微电解pH调节预处理过的某化工厂环己酮生产废水对自制UBF反应器的启动和运行进行了厌氧生物处理研究,该废水主要成分为环己酮、环己醇、环己烷等难降解有机物,COD=10 000～40 000 mg/L,pH=1～4,此外废水中还含有部分有机酸、Na₂SO₄、油类物质及少量的苯。通过对实验数据的分析得出UBF的最佳运行参数：VLR=2.36～3.26 kg COD/(m³·d)时,COD去除效率为61.74%～65.86%。中试工程依据本研究的实验结果并结合实际情况对废水进行了有效的处理,经6个多月的调试,出水水质符合相关技术标准。     

基于珙桐保护与资源开发的思考——珙桐叶复合袋泡茶加工工艺研究

主要利用珙桐叶的抗癌、防癌、抗氧化等特性,结合传统中医理论,将其与绿茶、余甘子、甜叶茶进行科学配伍,对珙桐叶的复方袋泡茶加工工艺进行研究,期望通过对珙桐资源的开发来促进珙桐由被动保护向主动保护转变,从而达到生态效益与经济效益双赢的目的。     

Fate of PBDEs during food processing: Assessment of formation of mixed chlorinated/brominated diphenyl ethers and brominated dioxins/furans

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of food processing on PBDE levels, in particular influence of heat treatment on degradation of PBDEs, including possible formation of chlorinated diphenyl ethers or brominated dioxins/furans as degradation products. It was shown that PBDEs heated in the presence of chlorine (from either organic or inorganic sources) formed mixed chlorinated/brominated diphenyl ethers. However, no PCDEs were formed in the presence of lipids. Lipid medium increased stability of PBDEs exposed to UV irradiation. Profile of congeners formed in result of the debromination reaction was significantly different than profiles observed by some other authors in aliphatic organic solvents. Grilling processes increased concentrations (calculated on the fresh product basis) of the studied compounds by 4–8/22–34% for electric/coal grill, respectively. Depending on the congener and on the applied heat treatment, PBDE mass in pork meat after grilling dropped by 26–53%. No detectable quantities of either brominated dioxins or furans were formed during thermal processing of food containing typical levels of PBDEs.     

A potential new commercial method for processing leather to reduce environmental impact

INTRODUCTION: Current leather processing method involves dehairing and fibre opening employing lime and sulphide, which results in higher negative impact on the environment due to its uncleanness. This method of dehairing and fibre-opening process accounts for nearly 70-80% biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in tannery wastewater and also the generation of H(2)S gas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hence, an attempt has been made to reduce the environmental impact of the leather processing through a biochemical approach, employing proteolytic enzyme and sodium metasilicate for performing the above process more cleanly. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The developed process exhibits significant reduction in environmental parametres such as COD and total solid loads by 55% and 25%, respectively. This method completely avoids the formation of lime sludge. CONCLUSION: The functional properties of the leathers are also on par with conventionally processed leathers. Further, the process seems to be commercially viable.     

Robust trend tests with application to toxicology

In most real data situations in the one-way design both the underlying distribution and the shape of the dose-response curve are a priori unknown. The power of a trend test strongly depends on both. However, tests which are routinely used to analyze toxicological assays must be robust. We use nonparametric tests with different scores—powerful for different distributions—and different contrasts—powerful for different shapes—and use the maximum of all test statistics as a new test statistic. Simulation results indicate that this maximum test, which is a nonparametric multiple contrast test, stabilizes the power for various shapes and distributions. The investigated tests are applied to the data of a toxicological assay.     

Monitoring Plant Phenology Using Digital Repeat Photography

Repeated observations of plant phenology have been shown to be important indicators of global change. However, capturing the exact date of key events requires daily observations during the growing season, making phenologic observations relatively labor intensive and costly to collect. One alternative to daily observations for capturing the dates of key phenologic events is repeat photography. In this study, we explored the utility of repeat digital photography for monitoring phenologic events in plants. We provide an illustration of this approach and its utility by placing observations made using repeat digital imagery in context with local meteorologic and edaphic variables. We found that repeat photography provides a reliable, consistent measurement of phenophase. In addition, digital photography offers advantages in that it can be mathematically manipulated to detect and enhance patterns; it can classify objects; and digital photographs can be archived for future analysis. In this study, an estimate of greenness and counts of individual flowers were extracted by way of mathematic algorithms from the photo time series. These metrics were interpreted using meteorologic measurements collected at the study site. We conclude that repeat photography, coupled with site-specific meteorologic measurements, could greatly enhance our understanding environmental triggers of phenologic events. In addition, the methods described could easily be adopted by citizen scientists and the general public as well as professionals in the field.     

中尺度流域的景观格局分析--以湖北四湖流域为例

以湖北四湖流域为中尺度流域的代表，对流域九种景观类型657个斑块的形状、6种景观类型分离程度、四个分区及全流域的景观异质性进行了分析。结果表明：斑块伸长指数和形状系数是完全相关的，它们与周长／面积各自表达着形状复杂性的不同方面，有必要对其进行综合评价；四湖流域的不同类型的景观斑块形状有较大差异，分区间的斑块形状差异较小；湿地类型的斑块形状趋于简单，其中湖泊斑块形状员简单，非湿地类型的斑块形状趋于复杂，又以林地类型为员。这表明本地区的湿地，特别是湖泊，受到了更大的人类活动影响；湖泊斑块的分布最集中，居民点斑块的分布员分散，这不利于控制流域内的洪涝灾害；从流域的上游到下游，景观多样性和均匀度呈增加的趋势，景观破碎化程度呈下降趋势，这种景观异质性的空间差异反映了流域空间开发历史的长短和人类活动强度的差异。     

基于偏最小二乘的絮体图像信息与水质的相关性

针对污水处理运行过程COD、BOD5、TN和TP实时测量的问题,提出一种基于絮体形态参数的偏最小二乘法模型.采用图像分析技术对污泥絮体形态特征进行提取,基于相关性从提取的形态参数和试验期间的运行参数中选择模型的输入变量,通过偏最小二乘法建立输入变量与4个水质指标的预测关系模型.结果表明,COD、BOD5、TN、TP的交...     

交通方式对城市空间形态的影响——以芜湖市为例

城市交通方式和道路系统的布局对城市的规模和空间结构具有重大影响。以芜湖市为例，通过对不同历史时期的比较，提出了城市在水运时期的单侧带状布局、陆路时期的放射布局和综合高速交通时期的都市区三种空间布局形式。此外，借用长度-半径维数模型与关联维数模型对交通方式与城市空间形态之间的关系进行了论证和探讨。     

微波技术在废物处理中的应用

综述了微波在废物处理中的应用，主要介绍了微波加热的机理及特点，微波在处理放射性废物、废旧电路板、污泥、医疗垃圾、废轮胎中的应用，展望了微波技术在废物处理中的应用前景。